ANODE ACTIVE MATERIAL INCLUDING LOW-DEFECT TURBOSTRATIC CARBON

An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery and method of forming the same, the electrode material including composite particles, each composite particle including: a primary particle including an electrochemically active material; and an envelope disposed on the surface of the primary particle. The envelope includes turbostratic carbon having a Raman spectrum having: a D band having a peak intensity (I) at wave number between 1330 cm and 1360 cW; a G band having a peak intensity (I) at wave number between 1530 cm and 1580 cm; and a 2D band having a peak intensity (I) at wave number between 2650 cm and 2750 cm. In one embodiment, a ratio of I/I ranges from greater than zero to about 1.1, and a ratio of 1/I ranges from about 0.4 to about 2.