TETRAVALENT BORON-CONTAINING PROTON-EXCHANGE SOLID SUPPORTS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING TETRAVALENT BORON-CONTAINING PROTON-EXCHANGE SOLID SUPPORTS

A boron-containing proton-exchange solid support may include a proton-exchange solid support comprising an oxygen atom and a tetravalent boron-based acid group comprising a boron atom covalently bonded to the oxygen atom.