TETRAVALENT BORON-CONTAINING PROTON-EXCHANGE SOLID SUPPORTS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING TETRAVALENT BORON-CONTAINING PROTON-EXCHANGE SOLID SUPPORTS

A proton exchange solid support includes a porous polymer network including a polymer. The polymer includes a tetravalent boron-based acid group in a side chain of the polymer, and the tetravalent boron-based acid group includes a boron atom having a negative formal charge. A cation is ionically linked to the boron atom.