ANODE-FREE BATTERIES WITH IMPROVED CYCLING EFFICIENCIES AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME

The invention relates to an anode current collector that includes one or more metal-based layers positioned on a surface of the anode current collector, where the metal-based layer includes a metal and a metal oxide. The invention also relates to energy storage devices that include such anode current collectors. Additionally, the invention relates to methods of forming a coated anode current collector by depositing one or more metal-based layers onto a surface of the anode current collector.