FAST-CHARGING OF HYBRID LITHIUM-ION/LITHIUM-METAL ANODES BY NANOSTRUCTURED HARD CARBON FLOWER HOST

The present embodiments relate generally to stable cycling of metallic lithium under high current densities and realistic cell conditions based on a flower-like nanostructured hard carbon host (CF). In embodiments, CF is both intercalated with lithium ions and plated with lithium metal to render a hybrid lithium-ion/lithium-metal anode capacity. The hybrid cells showed >99% CE up to 12 mA/cm(4 mAh/cm) and >99.5% CE up to 16 mA/cm(2.5 mAh/cm) with commercial carbonate electrolyte. The stability of the hybrid anodes was attributed to uniform lithium plating morphology and fast ion diffusion pathways enabled by the open-pore nanostructures of CF. Moreover, the CF∥NMC811 hybrid cells (2 mAh/cm) showed excellent performance (˜70% capacity retention after 200 cycles, 100% SOC, room temperature) at 10 mA/cmcurrent densities (