Can Microsoft see all Windows notifications?

I have read Apple reveals 'push notification spying' by foreign governments and https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.10589 and the forum thread about it here at PG , Is there a way to check if notifications from bank apps are e2ee or sent in plaintext ? I know metadata will be leaked in all cases and that’s unavoidable unfortunately and I’m also curious about Windows , for example i have Signal Desktop installed , do all notifications go through Microsoft servers ? what about other apps ? On android this can be mitigated with unified push (if the app supports it) , is there any similar solution for other OSes ?