Is editing and renaming a file an effective way to wipe its original data from your drive?

No. You can’t write directly to a specific block on an SSD, there are several abstraction layers between your file and what the SSD controller actually does on the NAND flash. In your example the SSD controller will create a new version of the file somewhere else on the storage and mark the old one for deletion. If and when this happens is largely out of your control.