F

Freedom From Religion Foundation [Unofficial]

A state church watchdog & voice for freethought - atheism and agnosticism. 🌉 bridged from 🌐 https://ffrf.org/: https://fed.brid.gy/web/ffrf.org

3436 followers0 following230 stories

Longform Stories

Illinois school district drops middle school graduation prayer after FFRF intervention

19h ago·1 min read·81 words

Keeping the Pace: Let’s rededicate how to listen with love

21h ago·1 min read·50 words

Rockwall County courthouse in Texas unveils illegal Ten Commandments monument

1d ago·1 min read·48 words

FFRF: Trump allies are weaponizing government against dissent

5d ago·1 min read·67 words

Latest episode of ‘We Dissent’ examines religion’s role in current legislative season

5d ago·1 min read·80 words

Freethought Radio – May 21, 2026

5d ago·1 min read·61 words

FFRF announces 2026 essay competitions

5d ago·1 min read·58 words

Why 2 Saints Are At The Center Of A Church-State Legal Battle

5d ago·1 min read·54 words

Delaware paper runs FFRF op-ed detailing anti-abortion and religion link

6d ago·1 min read·77 words

Statement: FFRF denounces civil rights office’s new mission against ‘anti-Christian’ bias

6d ago·1 min read·78 words

June 8, 2026 – ‘Great American Freethought Songbook’ George and Ira Gershwin – (Madison, Wis. and live-streamed)

6d ago·1 min read·95 words

FFRF supports AZ students protesting school-sponsored prayer

6d ago·1 min read·66 words

July 2026 [Date TBD] – Sam Grover to Speak at Ozarks Chapter Event on Arkansas Lawsuits and Christian Nationalism (Bentonville, Ark.)

May 19·1 min read·106 words

Trump-backed Christian nationalist rally falls flat on National Mall

May 18·1 min read·70 words

May 18, 2026 – Elizabeth Cavell to Speak on State/Church Separation Litigation (Skokie, Ill.)

May 18·1 min read·85 words

FFRF co-president’s op-ed on Trump theocratic celebrations published in The Hill

May 15·1 min read·77 words

Americans still favor state/church separation despite Christian nationalist push

May 14·1 min read·70 words

Freethought Radio – May 14, 2026

May 14·1 min read·56 words

FFRF and Faithful America host protest event during Trump’s all-day Sunday prayerfest

May 14·1 min read·79 words

FFRF insists that Ark. sheriff’s office halt inmate baptisms

May 14·1 min read·75 words

FFRF warns about Trump counterterrorism strategy targeting secular Americans

May 13·1 min read·9 words

FFRF rebukes Trump cabinet officials pushing D.C. Christian nationalist rally

May 12·1 min read·10 words

Monumental problem: Trump arch would carve religion into public space

May 12·1 min read·10 words

FFRF targets unconstitutional prayers by Arkansas archery coach

May 12·1 min read·8 words

Freethought Radio – May 7, 2026

May 7·1 min read·6 words

FFRF counters false National Day of Prayer event claim that America is a ‘praying nation’

May 7·1 min read·15 words

November 19–21, 2026 – Dan Barker to Speak at 4th Latin American Freethought Meeting (Costa Rica)

May 6·1 min read·16 words

Nov. 19–21, 2026 – Dan Barker to Speak at 4th Latin American Freethought Meeting (Costa Rica)

May 6·1 min read·16 words

CORRECTION: Boycott Mastercard, United Airlines for supporting Trump’s Christian nationalist events

May 6·1 min read·11 words

A School District in Oregon will no longer allow contracted bus drivers to broadcast religious radio programming to students. (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·21 words

Mass. Supreme Judicial Court hears arguments on religious statues in FFRF case

May 6·1 min read·12 words

FFRF has ensured that bus drivers in a Minnesota School system will no longer hand out to religious messages to students. (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·23 words

The Logan County Detention Center reaffirmed its commitment to keep inmates from being forced to participate in religious revivals. (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·21 words

It was reported that an Elementary School’s Christmas concert ended in a nativity scene and an administrator-led prayer. (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·20 words

A Florida High School was permitting an adult representative from the FCA to minister to the baseball team as a religious chaplain. (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·24 words

A school teacher had been reciting prayers every morning in front of her first-grade students during the school’s “moment of silence.” (May 2026)

May 6·1 min read·23 words

FFRF took action against a religious assignment in the Hillsborough County Public Schools system. (May 2026)

May 5·1 min read·16 words

The Seminole County Public Schools system in Florida made sure that two schools would no longer be giving preferential treatment to two local churches. (May 2026)

May 5·1 min read·26 words

James Irwin Charter Schools in Colorado took comprehensive action to remove creationist lessons from all charter schools in the district. (May 2026)

May 5·1 min read·22 words

The Kern County Board of Education was held from passing a motion that would force county schools to display the Ten Commandments. (May 2026)

May 5·1 min read·24 words

FFRF helped put a stop to a Huntington Beach’s course run by a Christian organization. (May 2026)

May 5·1 min read·17 words

‘Freedom 250’ May 17 prayer rally is Christian nationalist pseudohistory

May 5·1 min read·10 words

2026 National Convention: Workshops

May 5·1 min read·4 words

FFRF warns about appeals court ban on telehealth mifepristone

May 4·1 min read·9 words

‘Great American Freethought Songbook’ May 11 livestream Irving Berlin special

May 4·1 min read·10 words

Scott Straus on Africa

May 3·1 min read·4 words

Can Church and State Stay Separate Under Trump’s New Religious Agenda?

May 3·1 min read·11 words

Communities in Action: Chris Sweeny, Ozarks FFRF

May 1·1 min read·7 words

Trump task force blames Biden for widespread anti-Christian bias

May 1·1 min read·9 words

Don’t work tomorrow – stay home and enjoy the Freethought TV May Day Marathon!

Apr 30·1 min read·14 words

Freethought Radio – April 30, 2026

Apr 30·1 min read·6 words

FFRF slams DOJ ‘Anti-Christian Bias’ report as politicized sham

Apr 30·1 min read·9 words

FFRF gets prayer box removed from Maryland high school

Apr 29·1 min read·9 words

FFRF calls out Trump’s lies about shooter being ‘anti-Christian’

Apr 28·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – April 23, 2026

Apr 23·1 min read·6 words

Trial Post

Apr 23·1 min read·2 words

Texas can force schools to display the Ten Commandments, federal appeals court says

Apr 22·1 min read·13 words

5th Circuit allows Texas to require Ten Commandments in classrooms

Apr 22·1 min read·10 words

FFRF condemns Trump’s threatened prosecution of group fighting Christian nationalism

Apr 22·1 min read·10 words

Thou Shalt Not Overturn Supreme Court Precedent

Apr 22·1 min read·7 words

Texas can display Ten Commandments in schools, appeals court rules

Apr 22·1 min read·10 words

American Atheists blasts split decision upholding Christian Nationalist school mandate

Apr 22·1 min read·10 words

Voucher fight exposes dangers of taxpayer-funded religious education

Apr 22·1 min read·8 words

Multifaith Texas families condemn 5th Circuit decision upholding mandatory display of Ten Commandments in public-school classrooms

Apr 21·1 min read·16 words

FFRF cautions Trump administration against undermining religious politicking ban

Apr 21·1 min read·9 words

Supreme Court to decide if anti-LGBTQ Catholic schools in Colorado can receive public funding

Apr 21·1 min read·14 words

FFRF salutes Earth Day: Freethinkers have vital role to play in saving our planet

Apr 21·1 min read·14 words

August 21–23, 2026 – BAHACon 2026 Premier Conference to Bring Freethinkers Together in Sarnia, Ontario (Canada)

Apr 20·1 min read·16 words

Oct. 15–18, 2026 – Freedom From Religion Foundation 49th Annual Convention (Milwaukee, Wis.)

Apr 20·1 min read·13 words

Supreme Court agrees to hear religious school discrimination case

Apr 20·1 min read·9 words

FFRF: Trump administration’s bible obsession dishonors Constitution

Apr 20·1 min read·7 words

Laura G. Clark: Will the 10 Commandments in schools law stand?

Apr 17·1 min read·11 words

FFRF condemns bible-heavy Texas reading list

Apr 17·1 min read·6 words

‘We Dissent’ guest star explains pro-natalism movement

Apr 17·1 min read·7 words

May 11, 2026 – Second program in FFRF’s free concert series! The Great American FREETHOUGHT SONGBOOK with Dan & Darcie (Madison, Wis. & Online)

Apr 17·1 min read·24 words

He won a major school prayer case. It took years to get a proper obituary.

Apr 16·1 min read·15 words

Freethought Radio – April 16, 2026

Apr 16·1 min read·6 words

May 3, 2026 – Dan Barker to Speak at Triangle Freethought Society Program Meeting (Morrisville, NC)

Apr 16·1 min read·16 words

FFRF will defend Constitution against agenda of Trump’s ‘Religious Liberty Commission’

Apr 15·1 min read·11 words

FFRF ends North Chicago Police Department’s religious events

Apr 15·1 min read·8 words

FFRF: Resist Trump’s move to destroy elections

Apr 13·1 min read·7 words

Freethought Radio – April 9, 2026

Apr 9·1 min read·6 words

FFRF intervention clarifies faith-based Ohio juvenile program not approved

Apr 9·1 min read·9 words

FFRF rebukes USDA Secretary for Easter ‘rant’ to government workers

Apr 8·1 min read·10 words

FFRF ends prayer led by Ravenswood (W.Va.) City Council members

Apr 8·1 min read·10 words

FFRF asks Florida AG to follow the Constitution — or resign

Apr 7·1 min read·11 words

FFRF’s Chicago chapter puts up secular display at the Daley Center Plaza

Apr 2·1 min read·12 words

Freethought Radio – April 2, 2026

Apr 2·1 min read·6 words

FFRF blasts Florida’s unconstitutional school ‘prayer hotline’

Apr 2·1 min read·7 words

FFRF and Coalition Intervene to Block Religious Public School Ben Gamla

Apr 1·1 min read·11 words

FFRF applauds federal court dismissal of Johnson Amendment challenge

Apr 1·1 min read·9 words

Okla. taxpayers seek to block unconstitutional religious public school

Apr 1·1 min read·9 words

Federal judge orders removal of Ten Commandments display outside Arkansas Capitol

Apr 1·1 min read·11 words

Breaking — FFRF court victory! Federal judge rules Arkansas Ten Commandments monument unconstitutional

Apr 1·1 min read·13 words

FFRF: Utah’s bible mandate targets young students with religious agenda

Mar 31·1 min read·10 words

FFRF: Supreme Court conversion therapy ruling will harm children

Mar 31·1 min read·9 words

Texas’ new “Religious Liberty” committee is another Christian power grab

Mar 31·1 min read·10 words

Freethought TV launches on Apple TV and iPhone, reaching millions of new viewers

Mar 31·1 min read·13 words

Would you like to be a judge in FFRF’s 2026 student essay contests? Here’s how!

Mar 30·1 min read·15 words

FFRF and Coalition Seeks to Block Religious Public Charter School Wilberforce Academy

Mar 30·1 min read·12 words

FFRF slams Texas Lt. Gov. Patrick’s ‘religious liberty’ committee

Mar 30·1 min read·9 words

FFRF stops Minn. school bus driver from distributing religious messages to students

Mar 30·1 min read·12 words

April 13, 2026 – FFRF Co-President Dan Barker to perform live in FFRF’s Concert Series (Madison, Wis.)

Mar 27·1 min read·17 words

FFRF places full-page ad in NY Times supporting ‘No Kings’ march

Mar 27·1 min read·11 words

A school district in Wisconsin made sure to refocus future Veterans Day programs by removing a scheduled prayer from future events. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·23 words

A Police Department in Tennessee removed a bible quote after FFRF explained how it isolated non-Christian members of the community. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·22 words

A school district made sure that a superintendent wouldn’t continue the practice of emailing students overtly religious content. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·20 words

A public school system in Oklahoma stopped a high school football coach from leading students in prayer before games. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·21 words

A nonreligious student felt excluded after not receiving a bible during a bible distribution. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·16 words

FFRF taught school district that student clubs must be student led and employees cannot promote or participate. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·19 words

FFRF successfully halted the teaching of creationism at a Colorado public charter school. (April 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·15 words

Superintendent of sports team coaches forcing their players to pray. (March 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·12 words

An FCA member was allowed to lead Christian devotionals and pray with students in a Pennsylvania school district’s football program. (March 2026)

Mar 27·1 min read·22 words

Theocratic group’s grip on Texas county reveals constitutional breakdown

Mar 26·1 min read·9 words

FFRF calls on Hegseth to resign

Mar 26·1 min read·6 words

Freethought Radio – March 26, 2026

Mar 26·1 min read·6 words

‘We Dissent’ discusses transgender sports bans

Mar 26·1 min read·6 words

FFRF awards $10,000 in prizes to 2026 law student essay winners

Mar 25·1 min read·11 words

March with FFRF in Madison for Saturday’s ‘No Kings’ rally

Mar 25·1 min read·10 words

Humanist annual report spotlights religion’s global undermining of rights

Mar 24·1 min read·9 words

Registration opens for FFRF’s scintillating 49th annual convention

Mar 23·1 min read·8 words

April 19, 2026 – Anne Nicol Gaylor Legal Fellow Kyle Steinberg to Present at Minnesota Atheists Public Meeting (St. Paul, MN)

Mar 23·1 min read·21 words

Judge Blocks 10 Commandments from Being Posted in Arkansas School District

Mar 23·1 min read·11 words

Speaker Johnson misrepresents separation of church and state

Mar 20·1 min read·8 words

Creationism Attempt at Charter School Illustrates Broader Antagonism Toward Science

Mar 20·1 min read·10 words

Freethought Radio – March 19, 2026

Mar 19·1 min read·6 words

FFRF secures trio of victories in Southern school districts

Mar 19·1 min read·9 words

Air Force Academy Prepares Ideological Overhaul, With Erika Kirk Bringing “Bold Christian Faith”

Mar 19·1 min read·13 words

FFRF returns to Kansas City Star with op-ed detailing Student Secular Bill of Rights

Mar 18·1 min read·14 words

Trump’s Religious Liberty Commission elevates religion over rights

Mar 17·1 min read·8 words

May 4, 2026 – Patrick Elliott to Speak at Minnesota Day of Reason at State Capitol (St. Paul, MN)

Mar 17·1 min read·19 words

Court permanently blocks Arkansas public school 10 Commandments law

Mar 16·1 min read·9 words

New mayor, same problem: FFRF condemns NYC mayor’s ongoing violations

Mar 16·1 min read·10 words

FFRF proudly co-sponsors ‘No Kings III Day’ on Sat., March 28

Mar 13·1 min read·11 words

Freethought Radio – March 12, 2026

Mar 12·1 min read·6 words

Creationism expelled from Colorado school after FFRF complaint

Mar 12·1 min read·8 words

FFRF op-ed published in Maryland newspaper with illustrious history

Mar 12·1 min read·9 words

The bright side of the 5th Circuit’s disturbing Ten Commandments decision

Mar 12·1 min read·11 words

March 14, 2026 – FFRF Co-President Dan Barker will Speak on “The Battle of Church and State” in Austin, TX

Mar 11·1 min read·20 words

FFRF’s ‘Secular Spotlight’ details removal of Pa. religious character coach

Mar 11·1 min read·10 words

Coalition champions religious freedom in Texas schools

Mar 11·1 min read·7 words

April 16, 2026 – FFRF Co-President Dan Barker to Participate in The Anatomy of Purpose Debate (Central Niagara)

Mar 11·1 min read·18 words

FFRF calls on Rep. Ogles to resign over Christian nationalist attack on Muslims

Mar 10·1 min read·13 words

Threats of funding cuts pulled from Alabama school prayer bill

Mar 10·1 min read·10 words

Tarrant County commissioners hire attorneys amid ‘legal threat’ over Ten Commandments monument

Mar 10·1 min read·12 words

AU part of diverse coalition championing religious freedom in Texas public schools

Mar 10·1 min read·12 words

Diverse Coalition Champions Religious Freedom in Texas Public Schools

Mar 10·1 min read·9 words

Sarasota County School Board must end prayer policy | Letter

Mar 8·1 min read·10 words

FFRF to protest at Moroccan Consulate on Sunday, March 8, to free atheist feminist

Mar 6·1 min read·14 words

FFRF praises Rhode Island AG for clergy abuse investigation

Mar 5·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – March 5, 2026

Mar 5·1 min read·6 words

What is the FFRF Action Fund?

Mar 5·1 min read·6 words

Supreme Court uses shadow docket to empower religious privilege

Mar 5·1 min read·9 words

Legal watchdog tells Sarasota school to bench ‘baseball chaplain’

Mar 5·1 min read·9 words

Letters to the Editor

Mar 5·1 min read·4 words

Freedom From Religion Foundation asks Ohio school district to stop religious time on school property

Mar 5·1 min read·15 words

FFRF urges governors to reject federal voucher program

Mar 4·1 min read·8 words

Questions Mount Over Viral Claims of Apocalyptic Iran War Briefings in the Military

Mar 4·1 min read·13 words

Freedom from Religion Foundation asks Elmwood to stop LifeWise Academy use of school property for religion classes

Mar 4·1 min read·17 words

FFRF: Christian nationalist “End Times” ideology is driving U.S. policy toward Iran

Mar 3·1 min read·12 words

2026 National Convention Speaker Information

Mar 2·1 min read·5 words

2026 Hilton Hotel Amenities and Dining

Mar 2·1 min read·6 words

2026 National Convention Hilton Hotel Amenities and Dining

Mar 2·1 min read·8 words

2026 National Convention Baird Convention Center

Mar 2·1 min read·6 words

2026 Baird Convention Center

Mar 2·1 min read·4 words

2026 National Convention General Information

Mar 2·1 min read·5 words

2026 National Convention Optional Group Meals

Mar 2·1 min read·6 words

2026 National Convention Hotel Reservations

Mar 2·1 min read·5 words

2026 National Convention T-Shirt

Mar 2·1 min read·4 words

2026 National Convention Transportation & Parking

Mar 2·1 min read·6 words

2026 National Convention Schedule

Mar 2·1 min read·4 words

FFRF’s ‘Secular Spotlight’ looks at global authoritarianism’s faith connection

Mar 2·1 min read·9 words

FFRF to Sarasota Schools: bench the baseball team chaplain

Mar 2·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – February 26, 2026

Feb 26·1 min read·6 words

Moroccan activist Betty Lachgar to receive 2026 Avijit Roy Courage Award

Feb 26·1 min read·11 words

‘We Dissent’ reintroduces an old friend to dig into the federal courts

Feb 24·1 min read·12 words

FFRF: Surgeon General nominee Casey Means is prescription for pseudoscience

Feb 24·1 min read·10 words

FFRF warns NYC Mayor Mamdani over religious ritual with municipal workers

Feb 24·1 min read·11 words

FFRF challenges Christian display at Marion (Ind.) Police Department

Feb 24·1 min read·9 words

FFRF’s ‘Secular Spotlight’ digs into National Prayer Breakfast

Feb 23·1 min read·8 words

National advocacy group raises concerns about a school assembly in West Tennessee

Feb 23·1 min read·12 words

Fifth Circuit allows 10 Commandments to be display in Louisiana schools, for now

Feb 23·1 min read·13 words

Louisiana can display Ten Commandments in classrooms, appeals court rules

Feb 23·1 min read·10 words

Project Pat assembly at Tennessee high school draws accusations of constitutional rights violations

Feb 22·1 min read·13 words

FFRF and allies disappointed in 5th Circuit ruling on La. 10 Commandments law

Feb 21·1 min read·13 words

FFRF denounces Secretary Hegseth’s sectarian attack on ‘godless’ Americans

Feb 20·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – February 19, 2026

Feb 19·1 min read·6 words

FFRF warns against preferential treatment for religious groups in HHS addiction funding

Feb 19·1 min read·12 words

March 25, 2026 – Sammi Lawrence to Address Freethinkers of Colorado Springs at University of Colorado Colorado Springs (Colorado Springs, CO)

Feb 19·1 min read·21 words

March 11, 2026 – Sammi Lawrence to Participate in Panel at University of Wisconsin Law School (Madison, WI)

Feb 19·1 min read·18 words

FFRF op-ed in Madison paper scrutinizes religiously inclined Wis. voucher program

Feb 18·1 min read·11 words

State Charter School Board says no to Ben Gamla Charter proposal

Feb 18·1 min read·11 words

FFRF’s secular TV channel now on LG WebOS TVs

Feb 17·1 min read·9 words

Rubio’s ‘Christian civilization’ remarks misrepresent America’s foundations

Feb 17·1 min read·7 words

FFRF: Public schools must protect children

Feb 17·1 min read·6 words

FFRF warns Alabama lawmakers: Coordinated religious bills violate First Amendment

Feb 17·1 min read·10 words

American Atheists, Secular Partners Advance Model Legislation to Safeguard Students’ Rights

Feb 16·1 min read·11 words

The anti–Project Blitz: How the KPOP Act fights Christian Nationalism in public schools

Feb 16·1 min read·13 words

Atheist group claims school violated students’ rights after rapper ‘quotes Bible’ at assembly

Feb 16·1 min read·13 words

FFRF castigates EPA’s Orwellian attempt to ‘repeal’ climate science

Feb 13·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – February 12, 2026

Feb 12·1 min read·6 words

FFRF condemns Speaker Mike Johnson’s role in Christian nationalist gathering

Feb 12·1 min read·10 words

Buffalo newspaper publishes bishop’s op-ed against National Prayer Breakfast

Feb 12·1 min read·9 words

Religious Freedom for Some

Feb 12·1 min read·4 words

Rapper’s Prayer Rally At Haywood High Sparks First Amendment Firestorm

Feb 11·1 min read·10 words

In Oklahoma and Tennessee, religious charter schools face barriers

Feb 11·1 min read·9 words

Coalition Letter Opposing H.R. 7296, The So-Called “SAVE America Act”

Feb 11·1 min read·10 words

Religious groups sue to block Trump’s Religious Liberty Commission

Feb 10·1 min read·9 words

Potential sale of old Cleveland Co. school to religious nonprofit raises concerns

Feb 10·1 min read·12 words

Oklahoma officials reject creation of first Jewish charter school; appeal expected

Feb 10·1 min read·11 words

FFRF attorney’s Kansas City Star op-ed details recent win

Feb 10·1 min read·9 words

FFRF successfully objects to Tenn. school’s mandatory religious assembly

Feb 10·1 min read·9 words

OK Statewide Charter School Board rejects Jewish charter school proposal

Feb 10·1 min read·10 words

SCOTUStoday for Tuesday, February 10

Feb 10·1 min read·5 words

OK Statewide Charter School Board rejects Jewish virtual charter school application

Feb 9·1 min read·11 words

AU & allies applaud Oklahoma charter school board for rejecting Ben Gamla religious public school

Feb 9·1 min read·15 words

Secular groups applaud Okla. board for rejecting nation’s first religious public school

Feb 9·1 min read·12 words

FFRF calls out Religious Liberty Commission for misplaced focus and ideological bias

Feb 9·1 min read·12 words

FFRF: Revised Education Dept. prayer guidance goes too far

Feb 6·1 min read·9 words

Freethought Radio – February 5, 2026

Feb 5·1 min read·6 words

Trump (surprise) uses National Prayer Breakfast to push Christian nationalist agenda

Feb 5·1 min read·11 words

Civil rights groups call for rejection of Jewish charter school in Oklahoma

Feb 5·1 min read·12 words

Charis Hoard

Feb 5·1 min read·2 words

FFRF removes religious influence from Missouri district’s sports program

Feb 4·1 min read·9 words

Groups call for boycott of National Prayer Breakfast

Feb 4·1 min read·8 words

Integrated Bible curriculum, vocal school prayer proposed for Tennessee schools

Feb 4·1 min read·10 words

FFRF’s ‘Secular Spotlight’ tackles recent ICE conflicts in Minnesota

Feb 4·1 min read·9 words

Despite Delay, Texas Republicans Push Proposal Forcing Students to Read Bible in School

Feb 3·1 min read·13 words

Freedom From Religion, Interfaith Alliance Call Out DHS

Feb 3·1 min read·8 words

Civil Rights Groups Urge Oklahoma Officials to Reject Application for Ben Gamla Religious Public Charter School

Feb 3·1 min read·16 words