{
  "$type": "site.standard.document",
  "coverImage": {
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  "description": "Betavoltaic batteries and methods of making the same are provided. In embodiments, a method of making a thulium-171 electrically active betavoltaic battery includes: providing a starting semiconductor including a semiconductor material layer doped with a stable non-radioactive isotope erbium-170…",
  "path": "/patents/1423385",
  "publishedAt": "2026-06-18T00:00:00.000Z",
  "site": "at://did:plc:oql6ds5vnff4ugar6rruliwd/site.standard.publication/3mn3ohu7oxx5w",
  "tags": [
    "G21H1/04",
    "The Government of the United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy"
  ],
  "textContent": "Betavoltaic batteries and methods of making the same are provided. In embodiments, a method of making a thulium-171 electrically active betavoltaic battery includes: providing a starting semiconductor including a semiconductor material layer doped with a stable non-radioactive isotope erbium-170; irradiating the starting semiconductor with thermal neutrons, thereby causing conversion of at least a portion of the stable non-radioactive isotope erbium-170 to a radioisotope erbium-171, resulting in an intermediate semiconductor; and holding the intermediate semiconductor in a radiation safe environment for a period of time necessary for a predetermined amount of the erbium-171 to transform to a radionuclide thulium-171 via natural beta decay, thereby resulting in a final semiconductor, wherein the semiconductor material layer acts as both an electron emitter and an electron absorber simultaneously.",
  "title": "METHOD OF MAKING A THULIUM-171 DOPED BETAVOLTAIC BATTERY USING ERBIUM DOPANTS"
}