BIOFOULING-RESISTANT NANOPOROUS ALLOYS

A three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous platinum-based (3D-BC-NP-Pt(Au)) electrode is prepared by co-electrodepositing Pt and Ag to form a Pt—Ag alloy thin film on a gold substrate, annealing the Pt—Ag alloy thin film deposited on the gold substrate to produce a Pt—Ag—Au alloy, and dealloying the Pt—Ag—Au alloy by dissolving Ag to produce the nanoporous three-dimensional bicontinuous Pt—Au electrode with or without: hierarchical porosity, cylindrical nanopores, and engineered nano-cracks. Electrodes comprising Pt—Au alloys are also provided.