COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING ELECTROCATALYTIC EFFICIENCIES

A method of enhancing efficiency of an oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) comprises increasing total number electron pathway and/or reaction kinetics of the OER, ORR, or HER by coating one or more surfaces of Uniform an electrode participating in the OER, ORR, or HER with one or more metal oxides.