ACCELERATED FORMATION OF INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS WITHIN CAPACITOR OR BATTERY CELL NEGATIVE ELECTRODE

A manufacturing method for the formation of lithium, potassium, and/or calcium intercalation compounds on a negative electrode for a battery or capacitor cell is disclosed. The battery or capacitor cell is constructed with a negative electrode that may contain graphitic carbon, silicon, metal oxide, and/or complex metal oxides and a lithium, potassium, and/or calcium ion source supplemental electrode. After construction of the cell, a method of controlled electrical contact is applied between the positive electrode and negative electrode to accelerate and regulate a process of ion exchange between the supplemental metal ion source electrode and the negative electrode which results in the formation of intercalation compounds within the negative electrode, and produces a battery or capacitor with a higher working voltage, high cycle life, and long DC life.