ML-BASED VOLTAGE FINGERPRINTING FOR GROUND TRUTH AND CONTROLLED MESSAGE ERROR FOR MESSAGE AND ECU MAPPING FOR CAN BUS

Systems, apparatuses, and methods to establish ground truth for an intrusion detection system using machine learning models to identify an electronic control unit transmitting a message on a communication bus, such as an in-vehicle network bus, are provided. Voltage signatures for overlapping message identification (MID) numbers are collapsed and trained on a single ECU label.