CONDUCTING POLYMER NETWORK-PROTECTED PHOSPHORUS ANODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION OR SODIUM-ION BATTERIES

Provided is conducting network polymer-encapsulated phosphorus-based anode particulate or multiple particulates for a lithium or sodium ion battery, the particulate comprising: (A) a core comprising one or a plurality of phosphorus material particles or coating (e.g. on surfaces of graphitic material particles) having a diameter or thickness from 0.5 nm to 10 μm and is selected from red phosphorus, black phosphorus (including phosphorene), violet phosphorus, a metal phosphide, MPy, or a combination thereof, wherein M=Mn, V, Sn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Co, Zn, Ge, Se, Mo, Ga, In, or an alloy thereof, and y=1-4; and (B) an encapsulating shell that embraces or encapsulates the core, wherein the encapsulating shell comprises an electron- and/or ion-conducting network (cross-linked) polymer.