Tangential force sensor for a brake caliper

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for measuring force applied to brake calipers by brake pads by a sensor configured to be positioned between the caliper and the brake pad. The systems and methods herein may include a processor configured to receive output signals from the sensor and process the signals to generate data regarding the force applied to the caliper and determine a torque generated during braking. The systems and methods herein may include a second sensor that outputs signals representing measurements of a brake pressure, processes these signals to generate data regarding the brake pressure, and determines brake efficiency generated during braking. Additionally, the systems and methods herein can include a plurality of wheel apparatuses including the calipers and sensors disclosed herein.