Method, apparatus and computer-readable medium for estimating state of battery using radio frequency signal

A method of estimating a state of a battery cell provided in a battery pack includes obtaining, from a radio frequency (RF) antenna provided at opposite ends of the battery cell and configured to transmit and receive an RF signal, data regarding a phase and an amplitude of the RF signal, calculating an expansion coefficient of a jelly roll inside the battery cell based on the data regarding the phase and the amplitude of the RF signal, and estimating a state of the battery cell based on the expansion coefficient of the jelly roll. Corresponding apparatus and non-transitory computer-readable medium are also provided.