ELECTRODE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

A carbon electrode includes a substrate, and a conductive carbon layer disposed at an upper side of the substrate and having an spbond and an spbond. On an upper surface of the conductive carbon layer, the concentration ratio of oxygen to carbon is 0.07 or more. The ratio of a number of spbonded carbon atoms to the sum of a number of spbonded carbon atoms and the number of spbonded carbon atoms is 0.35 or more.