MEMBRANE-FREE ZN/MNO2 FLOW BATTERY FOR LARGE-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE

This disclosure provides novel batteries, e.g., redox flow batteries, and methods of making and operating batteries. Certain embodiments include redox flow battery comprising: a housing; a first electrode disposed in the housing; a second electrode disposed in the housing and facing the first electrode, the first electrode is spaced from the second electrode by a gap without an intervening ion selective membrane; and a fluid conveyance mechanism connected to the housing and configured to convey an electrolyte across the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode.