SMALL BIO-REACTOR PLATFORM (SBP) TECHNOLOGY AS MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

The present invention is directed to an anode comprising an inner layer encapsulating a conductive material and a bacteria, and an outer layer comprising a rigid porous membrane. Further provided is a microbial electrochemical system comprising the herein disclosed anode, and methods of using the same, such as for treating wastewater, waste, hydrogen production, or generating electricity.