AUXILIARY THERMAL REGULATION OF FUEL CELL STACK

One or more example electric vehicles (EV), auxiliary thermal regulation systems for an EV, a computer-implemented methods of operating an EV, and a computer program product for operating an EV. The EV includes an FC system and an HVAC system. The FC system includes an FC stack (FCS) operable to generate electric power, and an FC thermal management system including a first thermal regulation circuit for circulation of a radiant fluid operable to thermally regulate the FCS, and a heat exchange device operable to thermally regulate the radiant fluid. The HVAC system includes a second thermal regulation circuit for circulation of a refrigerant fluid operable to thermally regulate air in a passenger compartment of the vehicle, and a bi-directional heat pump operable to facilitate auxiliary/supplemental thermal regulation of the fuel cell stack by supplying selective auxiliary cooling and/or heating of the FCS.