Layer-by-layer assemblies of carbon-based nanostructures and their applications in energy storage and generation devices

The present invention relates to an electrode with a thickness of at least about 10 nanometers comprising carbon-based nanostructures, and defining a composition volume, wherein: each of the carbon-based nanostructures defines a nanostructure volume, the total of the volumes of the nanostructures defines at least about 60% of the composition volume, and at least a portion of the carbon-based nanostructures comprise carbon-oxygen bonds wherein oxygen defines at least about 10% of the mass of the solids in the composition.