MULTI-CYCLE FORMATION METHODS FOR SECONDARY BATTERY CELLS

In some aspects, a method can include applying a charge to a battery at an initial charge rate, the battery including an anode with silicon particles and graphene particles, a cathode, and a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, the battery having a maximum voltage of V, allowing the battery to rest for a first resting period, applying a charge to the battery at a first formation charge rate, discharging the battery at a first formation discharge rate, applying a charge to the battery at a second formation charge rate, the second formation charge rate greater than the first formation charge rate, discharging the battery at a second formation discharge rate, and applying a charge to the battery at a third formation charge rate to form the secondary battery, the third formation charge rate greater than or equal to the second formation charge rate.