ONLINE MEASUREMENT OF ANODE POTENTIAL FOR THE MAXIMIZATION OF CHARGING POWER AT LOW TEMPERATURES

A battery system includes a non-reference battery cell; a reference battery cell including a cathode, an anode, and a reference electrode; a potential measuring means configured to measure a reference potential of the anode relative to the reference electrode, of the reference battery cell, and to generate a signal corresponding to the reference potential; and a controlling means configured to receive the signal and to reduce, during a charging process of the battery system, a charging current applied to the battery system when the signal indicates that the reference potential is below a predetermined threshold voltage. The non-reference battery cell may be disposed at a first position in the battery system, and the reference battery cell may be disposed at a second position in the battery system, the second position being a position that has a lowest temperature, among the first and second positions, during the charging process.