RUTHENIUM-BASED CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

Ruthenium-based catalysts useful for hydrogen oxidation reaction catalysts, the ruthenium-based catalyst including ruthenium and boron disposed on a surface of a boron-doped carbon support, wherein the catalyst does not comprise B; or a ruthenium-based catalyst including ruthenium and VOdisposed on a surface of a carbon support, wherein x is 3-4; and electrochemical cells and methods of use thereof.