TAILORED SURFACE ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE

A battery comprising a separator, a conductive substrate, a negative electrode coupled to the conductive substrate and a surface electrolyte interphase (SEI) disposed between the separator and the negative electrode. The surface electrolyte interphase comprising a first layer coupled to and forming a first interface with the negative electrode, and a second layer coupled to the first layer and forming a second interface with the separator, the first layer being made of a first material and the second layer being made of a second material that is different than the first material.