VANADIUM BASED FLOW BATTERY STACK

A flow cell battery that includes at least one electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes: an ion exchange membrane; a 1 mm to 4 mm thick anode; an anode current collector; a first bipolar plate disposed between the anode and the anode current collector; a first flow frame that defines first flow channels; a first tank including an anolyte that includes V and V; a first pump to flow the anolyte from the first tank into the first flow channels; a 1 mm to 4 mm thick cathode; a cathode current collector; a second bipolar plate disposed between the cathode and the cathode current collector; a second flow frame that defines second flow channels; a second tank including a catholyte that includes V and V; and a second pump to flow the catholyte from the second tank into the second flow channels.