ALKALI METAL OXIDE AND HYDROXIDE REDUCTION IN THE FILM BY EX-SITU SURFACE PASSIVATED LAYER

Embodiments of the present disclosure include an anode for a battery including a substrate, a metal film disposed on the substrate, and a film stack disposed on the metal film. The film stack includes a lithium carbonate film and a lithium halide film disposed on the lithium carbonate. The lithium carbonate film is disposed on the metal film.