Improved heat transfer due to superficial concavities in fluid passages of solid oxide fuel cells

A solid oxide fuel cell (100) is provided wherein the solid oxide fuel cell (100) comprises a thermal management section and an electrolytic section disposed adjacent the thermal management section wherein a plurality of concavities (140) are disposed on at least one of the thermal management and electrolytic sections so as to cause hydrodynamic interactions and affect the heat transfer rate between a fluid and the concavities (140) when the fluid is disposed over the concavities (140).