All android and iOS apps can see your VPN

Thanks for sharing this, and I think it highlights exactly why I’m asking for clarification about what you’re claiming. Because the article is claiming different things from what you’ve been claiming (and both you and this “research" article are claiming things that are dubious or misleading).

TL;DR - If you don’t install Russian spyware on your phone this is not an issue. (Like I was saying.)

In addition, there are several recommendations to mitigate the risk:

• The ideal option is to have two separate phones: one for Russian apps, and another - for everything else with VPN.

• VPN on a router. The VPN tunnel is created on the router; the phone connects via Wi-Fi.

EDIT: This is the same exact reason it’s good not to install ANY spyware in your phone including apps from Google, Meta, TikTok, etc.