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"html": "<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These excerpts from books IV and V of the <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a> by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/paul-the-deacon-lombard-chronicler-c-720-c-799/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8602\">Paul the Deacon</a> refer to <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/the-conquest-of-venetia/\" data-type=\"article\" data-id=\"22116\">the Lombard conquest of Byzantine <em>Venetia</em></a> following the <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/the-lombard-invasion/\" data-type=\"article\" data-id=\"21308\">initial Lombard invasion of </a>Italy in 568–569.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chapters reproduced below cover the period from c. 601 to c. 677, and only the parts relevant for the province of <em>Venetia</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There were three phases of the Lombard conquest of <em>Venetia</em>. The first, at the start of the 600s, saw the Lombards under <em>Agilulf</em> take Padua, Monselice and Mantua. The second, around 640, under <em>Rothari</em>, was the sack of <em>Opitergium</em>, and the last, around 667, under <em>Grimoald</em>, the conquest of <em>Opitergium</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paul the Deacon doesn’t mention the conquest of <em>Concordia</em> around 616, and of <em>Altinus</em>, probably at the time of the sack of <em>Opitergium</em>. These appear more prominently in the Venetian chronicles.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">See also the parts of <em>Historia Langobardorum</em>, which <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-invasion-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/\" data-type=\"translation\" data-id=\"21000\">relate to the initial invasion in 568–569</a>, and the <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/list/chronology-of-the-lombard-invasion/\" data-type=\"list\" data-id=\"21699\">chronology of the invasion and conquest of <em>Venetia</em></a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a> (980s–990s) by <em><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/paul-the-deacon-lombard-chronicler-c-720-c-799/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8602\">Paul the Deacon</a></em>, here in the translation by <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/historyoflangoba00pauluoft/page/n3/mode/2up\">William Dudley Foulke</a> from 1906.</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV-20\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.20</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In these days the daughter of king Agilulf was taken from the city of Parma, together with her husband named Gudescalc (Gottschalk),<sup data-fn=\"bec6c4ae-304d-43db-8b86-70a3eb4208e9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#bec6c4ae-304d-43db-8b86-70a3eb4208e9\" id=\"bec6c4ae-304d-43db-8b86-70a3eb4208e9-link\">1</a></sup> by the army of the <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/callinicus-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9119\">patrician Gallicinus</a> (Callinicus), and they were brought to the city of Ravenna.<sup data-fn=\"aa67cbcf-0e15-4884-95be-fb2f1e6398cf\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#aa67cbcf-0e15-4884-95be-fb2f1e6398cf\" id=\"aa67cbcf-0e15-4884-95be-fb2f1e6398cf-link\">2</a></sup> At this time also king Agilulf sent to the Cagan, the king of the Avars, workmen for the making of ships with which that Cagan afterwards conquered a certain island in Thrace.</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His diebus capta est filia regis Agilulfi cum viro suo Gudescalco nomine de civitate Parmensi ab exercitu Gallicini patricii, et ad urbem Ravennatium sunt deducti. Hoc quoque tempore misit Agilulf rex Cacano regi Avarorum artifices ad faciendas naves, cum quibus isdem Cacanus insulam quandam in Thracia expugnavit.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV-23\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.23</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Up to this time the city of Patavium (Padua) had rebelled<sup data-fn=\"d6c669e9-06c5-4e6d-a846-f249e9cd8bb0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d6c669e9-06c5-4e6d-a846-f249e9cd8bb0\" id=\"d6c669e9-06c5-4e6d-a846-f249e9cd8bb0-link\">3</a></sup> against the Langobards, the soldiers resisting very bravely. But at last when fire was thrown into it, it was all consumed by the devouring flames and was razed to the ground by command of <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/agilulf-king-of-the-lombards-591-616/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8616\">king Agilulf</a>. The soldiers, however, who were in it were allowed to return to Ravenna.</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usque ad haec tempora Patavium civitas, fortissime militibus repugnantibus, Langobardis rebellavit. Sed tandem, iniecto igni, tota flammis vorantibus concremata est, et iussu regis Agilulfi ad solum usque destructa est. Milites tamen qui in ea fuerunt Ravennam remeare permissi sunt.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV-25\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.25</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There was then born to <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/agilulf-king-of-the-lombards-591-616/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8616\">Agilulf the king</a>, by his queen Theudelinda, in the palace of Modicia (Monza), a son who was called Adaloald. At a subsequent time the Langobards attacked the fortress of Mons Silicis (Monselice). During the same period, at Ravenna, after <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/callinicus-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9119\">Gallicinus</a> (Callinicus) had been driven away, <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/smaragdus-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9117\">Smaragdus</a>, who had before been patrician of Ravenna, returned.<sup data-fn=\"1d8ad463-accc-4f13-be3a-9346fcf3d195\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1d8ad463-accc-4f13-be3a-9346fcf3d195\" id=\"1d8ad463-accc-4f13-be3a-9346fcf3d195-link\">4</a></sup></p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agilulfo quoque regi tunc nascitur filius de Theudelinda regina in Modiciae<br>palatio, qui Adaloald est appellatus. Sequenti tempore Langobardi castrum Montis Silicis invaserunt. Per idem tempus, repulso apud Ravennam Gallicino, rediit Smaracdus, qui prius fuerat Ravennae patricius.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV-28\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.28</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In these days the Langobards still had a quarrel with the Romans on account of the captivity of the king’s daughter.<sup data-fn=\"336f2cce-de4f-42bc-9f12-83812aeb4095\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#336f2cce-de4f-42bc-9f12-83812aeb4095\" id=\"336f2cce-de4f-42bc-9f12-83812aeb4095-link\">5</a></sup></p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this reason <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/agilulf-king-of-the-lombards-591-616/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8616\">king Agilulf</a> departed from Mediolanum (Milan) in the month of July, besieged the city of Cremona with the Slavs whom the Cagan, king of the Avars, had sent to his assistance and took it on the twelfth day before the calends of September (August 21st) and razed it to the ground. In like manner he also assaulted Mantua, and having broken through its walls with battering-rams he entered it on the ides (13th) of September, and granted the soldiers who were in it the privilege of returning to Ravenna.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then also the fortress which is called Vulturina (Valdoria) surrendered to the Langobards ; the soldiers indeed fled, setting fire to the town of Brexillus (Brescello).</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When these things were accomplished, the daughter of the king was restored by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/smaragdus-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9117\">Smaragdus the patrician</a> with her husband and children and all her property. In the ninth month peace was made up to the calends (first) of April of the eighth indiction.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The daughter of the king, indeed, presently returned from Ravenna to Parma; but she died immediately in the perils of a difficult child-birth. In this year Teudepert and Theuderic, kings of the Franks, fought with their paternal uncle Clothar, and in this struggle many thousands fell on both sides.</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erat autem his diebus adhuc discordia Langobardis cum Romanis propter captivitatem filiae regis.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua de causa rex Agilulf egressus Mediolanio mense Iulio, obsedit civitatem Cremonensem cum Sclavis, quos ei Cacanus rex Avarorum in solacium miserat, et cepit eam duodecimo Kalendas Septembris et ad solum usque destruxit. Pari etiam modo expugnavit etiam Mantuam, et interruptis muris eius cum arietibus, dans veniam militibus qui in ea erant revertendi Ravennam, ingressusque est in eam die Iduum Septembrium.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tunc etiam partibus Langobardorum se tradidit castrum quod Vulturina vocatur; milites vero Brexillum oppidum igni cremantes, fugierunt.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His ita patratis, reddita est filia regis a Smaracdo patricio cum viro ac filiis ac rebus cunctis; factaque est pax mense nono usque Kalendas Aprilis indictionis boctavae.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Filia vero regis mox a Ravenna Parmam rediit; ob difficultatem partus periclitata, statim defuncta est. Hoc anno Teudepertus et Theudericus reges Francorum adversus Clotharium patruum suum dimicarunt. In quo certamine ex utraque parte multa milia ceciderunt.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV.38\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.38</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the death, as we said, of Gisulf, duke of Forum Julii, his sons Taso and Cacco undertook the government of this dukedom. They possessed in their time the territory of the Slavs which is named Zellia (Gail-thai),<sup data-fn=\"0c9f0b2e-3901-4b2e-8d89-0fba68748bec\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#0c9f0b2e-3901-4b2e-8d89-0fba68748bec\" id=\"0c9f0b2e-3901-4b2e-8d89-0fba68748bec-link\">6</a></sup> up to the place which is called Medaria (Windisch Matrei), hence, those same Slavs, up to the time of duke Ratchis,<sup data-fn=\"fac53ae0-f708-4c0f-8c93-2b7720bcf816\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#fac53ae0-f708-4c0f-8c93-2b7720bcf816\" id=\"fac53ae0-f708-4c0f-8c93-2b7720bcf816-link\">7</a></sup> paid tribute to the dukes of Forum Julii.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/gregorios-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9118\">Gregory the patrician</a> of the Romans killed these two brothers in the city of Opitergium (Oderzo) by crafty treachery.<sup data-fn=\"48ca6ec4-00ee-4476-b85f-649ea11bedaa\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#48ca6ec4-00ee-4476-b85f-649ea11bedaa\" id=\"48ca6ec4-00ee-4476-b85f-649ea11bedaa-link\">8</a></sup> For he promised Taso that he would cut his beard, as is the custom, and make him his son, and this Taso, with Cacco his brother, and some chosen youths came to Gregory fearing no harm. When presently he had entered Opitergium with his followers, straightway the patrician ordered the gates of the city to be closed and sent armed soldiers against Taso and his companions.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taso with his followers perceiving this, boldly prepared for a fight, and when a moment of quiet was given, they bade each other a last farewell, and scattered hither and thither through the different streets of the city, killing whomsoever they could find in their way, and while they made a great slaughter of the Romans, they also were slain at last.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Gregory the patrician, on account of the oath he had given, ordered the head of Taso to be brought to him, and, perjured though he was, cut off his beard as he had promised.</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mortuo, ut diximus, Gisulfo duce Foroiulensi, Taso et Cacco, filii eius, eundem ducatum regendum susceperunt. Hi suo tempore Sclavorum regionem quae Zellia appellatur usque ad locum qui Medaria dicitur possiderunt. Unde usque ad tempora Ratchis ducis idem Sclavi pensionem Foroiulanis ducibus persolverunt.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hos duos fratres Gregorius patricius Romanorum in civitate Opitergio dolosa fraude peremit. Nam promittens Tasoni, ut ei barbam, sicut moris est, incideret eumque sibi filium faceret, ipse Taso cum Caccone germano suo et electis iuvenibus ad eundem Gregorium nihil mali metuens advenit. Qui mox cum Opitergium cum suis esset ingressus, statim isdem patricius civitatis portas claudi praecepit et armatos milites super Tasonem eiusque socios misit.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quod Taso cum suis conperiens, audacter se ad proelium praeparavit; ultimumque sibi data pace valedicentes, per singulas civitatis plateas hac illacque dispersi, quoscumque obvios habere poterant trucidantes, cum magnam stragem de Romanis fecissent, ad extremum etiam ipsi perempti sunt.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gregorius vero patricius propter iusiurandum quod dederat caput Tasonis sibi deferri iubens, eius barbam, sicut promiserat, periurus abscidit.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"IV-45\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter IV.45</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/rothari-king-of-the-lombards-636-652/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8791\">King Rothari</a> then captured all the cities of the Romans which were situated upon the shore of the sea from the city of Luna (Luni) in Tuscany up to the boundaries of the Franks.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also he captured and destroyed Opitergium (Oderzo) a city placed between Tarvisium (Treviso) and Forum Julii (Cividale).</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He waged war with the Romans of Ravenna near the river of Emilia which is called the Scultenna (Panaro). In this war eight thousand fell on the side of the Romans and the remainder took to flight.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this time a great earthquake occurred at Rome and there was then a great inundation of the waters. After these things there was a scab disease of such a kind that no one could recognize his own dead on account of the great swelling and inflammation.</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the original text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Igitur Rothari rex Romanorum civitates ab urbe Tusciae Lunensi universas quae in litore maris sitae sunt usque ad Francorum fines cepit.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opitergium quoque, civitatem inter Tarvisium et Foroiuli positam, pari modo expugnavit et diruit.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cum Ravennantibus Romanis bellum gessit ad fluvium Aemiliae qui Scultenna dicitur. In quo bello a parte Romanorum, reliquis terga dantibus, octomilia ceciderunt.</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eo tempore magnus Romae terrae motus factus est, magnaque tunc fuit inundatio aquarum Post haec fuit clades scabiarum, ita ut nullus potuisset mortuum suum agnoscere propter nimium inflationis tumorem.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"II-4\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter V.28</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/grimoald-king-of-the-lombards-662-671/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8617\">Grimuald</a> had indeed no ordinary hatred against the Romans, since they had once treacherously betrayed his brothers Taso and Cacco.<sup data-fn=\"d59d7159-e915-4819-bfce-624593e16dd4\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d59d7159-e915-4819-bfce-624593e16dd4\" id=\"d59d7159-e915-4819-bfce-624593e16dd4-link\">9</a></sup> Wherefore he destroyed to its foundations the city of Opitergium (Oderzo) where they were killed, and divided the territories of those who had dwelt there among the people of Forum Julii (Cividale), Tarvisium (Treviso) and Ceneta (Ceneda).</p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Click to reveal the Latin text</summary>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:400\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Erat quidem Grimualdo contra Romanos non mediocre odium, pro eo quod eius quondam germanos Tasonem et Cacconem in sua fide decepissent. Quam ob causam Opitergium civitatem, ubi ipsi extincti sunt, funditus destruxit eorumque qui ibi habitaverant fines Foroiulanis Tarvisianisque et Cenetensibus divisit.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</details>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Notes</h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div id=\"related-links\" class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related articles</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/\">Early Venice</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/the-lombard-invasion/\">The Lombard Invasion</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/did-narses-invite-the-lombards/\">Did Narses invite the Lombards?</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/the-conquest-of-venetia/\">The conquest of Venetia</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/invasions-of-italy-in-late-antiquity/\">Invasions of Italy in Late Antiquity</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/list/kings-of-the-lombards/\">Kings of the Lombards</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/list/chronology-of-the-lombard-invasion/\">Chronology of the Lombard invasion</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Venetian Stories</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-3-roman-and-byzantine-period/\">Episode 3 — The Roman and Byzantine period</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-27-cassiodorus/\">Episode 27 — Cassiodorus</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-28-the-early-sources/\">Episode 28 — The early sources</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-29-the-lombard-invasion/\">Episode 29 — The Lombard Invasion</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-30-venetia-maritima/\">Episode 30 — Venetia Maritima</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related sources</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/main-sources-for-early-venice/\">Main sources for early Venice</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\">The <em>Historia Langobardorum</em> by Paul the Deacon</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-istoria-veneticorum-by-john-the-deacon/\">The <em>Istoria Veneticorum</em> by John the Deacon</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-chronicon-altinate/\">The <em>Chronicon Altinate</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/alboin-and-rosamund-paul-the-deacon/\">Alboin and Rosamund</a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-invasion-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/\">The invasion of Venetia</a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-justinian-plague-paul-the-deacon/\">The Justinian plague</a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/pliny-the-elder-on-venetia/\">Pliny the Elder on Venetia</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/liber-pontificalis-john-iii/\"><em>Liber Pontificalis</em> — John III</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/de-administrando-imperio/\"><em>De Administrando Imperio</em></a> by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/constantine-vii-porphyrogenitus-905-959-emperor-913-959/\"><em>Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</em></a> (c. 950)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/translatio-marci-evangelistae-venetias-english/\"><em>Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias</em></a> (English)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/translatio-marci-evangelistae-venetias-latin/\"><em>Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias</em></a> (Latin)</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div id=\"bibliography\" class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"bibliography\">Bibliography</h2><ul><li class=\"bibliography\">Paulus : Diaconus and William Dudley Foulke (translator). <i>History of the Langobards</i>. New York Longmans, Green & Co., 1907. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/paulus-diaconus-1907-history-of-the-langobards/\">more</a>] <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/cu31924027767593\">🔗</a></li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Paulus : Diaconus, Antonio Zanella (translator) and Bruno Luiselli. <i>Storia dei longobardi</i>. Milano BUR, 2000 (6th ed.). [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/paulus-diaconus-2000-storia-dei-longobardi/\">more</a>]</li></ul></div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2>Localities</h2><div class=\"leaflet-map WPLeafletMap\" style=\"height:400px; width:100%;\"></div><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMapShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar baseUrl = atob('aHR0cHM6Ly97c30udGlsZS5vcGVuc3RyZWV0bWFwLm9yZy97en0ve3h9L3t5fS5wbmc=');\nvar base = (!baseUrl && window.MQ) ?\n window.MQ.mapLayer() : L.tileLayer(baseUrl,\n L.Util.extend({}, {\n detectRetina: 1,\n },\n {\"subdomains\":\"abc\",\"noWrap\":false,\"maxZoom\":20} )\n );\n var options = L.Util.extend({}, {\n layers: [base],\n attributionControl: false\n },\n 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marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/cividale-del-friuli/">Cividale del Friuli</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Mantua\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.158611,10.794827],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/mantua/">Mantua</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Monselice\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.239031,11.749794],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/monselice/">Monselice</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Oderzo (Latin: Opitergium)\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.783028,12.4938],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = 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"description": "The account of the Lombard conquest of the remaining parts of Byzantine Venetia in the 600s — from \"Historia Langobardorum\" by Paul the Deacon.",
"path": "/translation/the-conquest-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/",
"publishedAt": "2026-06-18T13:03:00.000Z",
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"histodons",
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"textContent": "These excerpts from books IV and V of the Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon refer to the Lombard conquest of Byzantine Venetia following the initial Lombard invasion of Italy in 568–569. The chapters reproduced below cover the period from c. 601 to c. 677, and only the parts relevant for the province of Venetia. There were three phases of the Lombard conquest of Venetia. The first, at the start of the 600s, saw the Lombards under Agilulf take Padua, Monselice and Mantua. The second, around 640, under Rothari, was the sack of Opitergium, and the last, around 667, under Grimoald, the conquest of Opitergium. Paul the Deacon doesn’t mention the conquest of Concordia around 616, and of Altinus, probably at the time of the sack of Opitergium. These appear more prominently in the Venetian chronicles. See also the parts of Historia Langobardorum, which relate to the initial invasion in 568–569, and the chronology of the invasion and conquest of Venetia. Source: Historia Langobardorum (980s–990s) by Paul the Deacon, here in the translation by William Dudley Foulke from 1906. Chapter IV.20 In these days the daughter of king Agilulf was taken from the city of Parma, together with her husband named Gudescalc (Gottschalk),1 by the army of the patrician Gallicinus (Callinicus), and they were brought to the city of Ravenna.2 At this time also king Agilulf sent to the Cagan, the king of the Avars, workmen for the making of ships with which that Cagan afterwards conquered a certain island in Thrace. Click to reveal the Latin text His diebus capta est filia regis Agilulfi cum viro suo Gudescalco nomine de civitate Parmensi ab exercitu Gallicini patricii, et ad urbem Ravennatium sunt deducti. Hoc quoque tempore misit Agilulf rex Cacano regi Avarorum artifices ad faciendas naves, cum quibus isdem Cacanus insulam quandam in Thracia expugnavit. Chapter IV.23 Up to this time the city of Patavium (Padua) had rebelled3 against the Langobards, the soldiers resisting very bravely. But at last when fire was thrown into it, it was all consumed by the devouring flames and was razed to the ground by command of king Agilulf. The soldiers, however, who were in it were allowed to return to Ravenna. Click to reveal the Latin text Usque ad haec tempora Patavium civitas, fortissime militibus repugnantibus, Langobardis rebellavit. Sed tandem, iniecto igni, tota flammis vorantibus concremata est, et iussu regis Agilulfi ad solum usque destructa est. Milites tamen qui in ea fuerunt Ravennam remeare permissi sunt. Chapter IV.25 There was then born to Agilulf the king, by his queen Theudelinda, in the palace of Modicia (Monza), a son who was called Adaloald. At a subsequent time the Langobards attacked the fortress of Mons Silicis (Monselice). During the same period, at Ravenna, after Gallicinus (Callinicus) had been driven away, Smaragdus, who had before been patrician of Ravenna, returned.4 Click to reveal the Latin text Agilulfo quoque regi tunc nascitur filius de Theudelinda regina in Modiciaepalatio, qui Adaloald est appellatus. Sequenti tempore Langobardi castrum Montis Silicis invaserunt. Per idem tempus, repulso apud Ravennam Gallicino, rediit Smaracdus, qui prius fuerat Ravennae patricius. Chapter IV.28 In these days the Langobards still had a quarrel with the Romans on account of the captivity of the king’s daughter.5 For this reason king Agilulf departed from Mediolanum (Milan) in the month of July, besieged the city of Cremona with the Slavs whom the Cagan, king of the Avars, had sent to his assistance and took it on the twelfth day before the calends of September (August 21st) and razed it to the ground. In like manner he also assaulted Mantua, and having broken through its walls with battering-rams he entered it on the ides (13th) of September, and granted the soldiers who were in it the privilege of returning to Ravenna. Then also the fortress which is called Vulturina (Valdoria) surrendered to the Langobards ; the soldiers indeed fled, setting fire to the town of Brexillus (Brescello). When these things were accomplished, the daughter of the king was restored by Smaragdus the patrician with her husband and children and all her property. In the ninth month peace was made up to the calends (first) of April of the eighth indiction. The daughter of the king, indeed, presently returned from Ravenna to Parma; but she died immediately in the perils of a difficult child-birth. In this year Teudepert and Theuderic, kings of the Franks, fought with their paternal uncle Clothar, and in this struggle many thousands fell on both sides. Click to reveal the Latin text Erat autem his diebus adhuc discordia Langobardis cum Romanis propter captivitatem filiae regis. Qua de causa rex Agilulf egressus Mediolanio mense Iulio, obsedit civitatem Cremonensem cum Sclavis, quos ei Cacanus rex Avarorum in solacium miserat, et cepit eam duodecimo Kalendas Septembris et ad solum usque destruxit. Pari etiam modo expugnavit etiam Mantuam, et interruptis muris eius cum arietibus, dans veniam militibus qui in ea erant revertendi Ravennam, ingressusque est in eam die Iduum Septembrium. Tunc etiam partibus Langobardorum se tradidit castrum quod Vulturina vocatur; milites vero Brexillum oppidum igni cremantes, fugierunt. His ita patratis, reddita est filia regis a Smaracdo patricio cum viro ac filiis ac rebus cunctis; factaque est pax mense nono usque Kalendas Aprilis indictionis boctavae. Filia vero regis mox a Ravenna Parmam rediit; ob difficultatem partus periclitata, statim defuncta est. Hoc anno Teudepertus et Theudericus reges Francorum adversus Clotharium patruum suum dimicarunt. In quo certamine ex utraque parte multa milia ceciderunt. Chapter IV.38 After the death, as we said, of Gisulf, duke of Forum Julii, his sons Taso and Cacco undertook the government of this dukedom. They possessed in their time the territory of the Slavs which is named Zellia (Gail-thai),6 up to the place which is called Medaria (Windisch Matrei), hence, those same Slavs, up to the time of duke Ratchis,7 paid tribute to the dukes of Forum Julii. Gregory the patrician of the Romans killed these two brothers in the city of Opitergium (Oderzo) by crafty treachery.8 For he promised Taso that he would cut his beard, as is the custom, and make him his son, and this Taso, with Cacco his brother, and some chosen youths came to Gregory fearing no harm. When presently he had entered Opitergium with his followers, straightway the patrician ordered the gates of the city to be closed and sent armed soldiers against Taso and his companions. Taso with his followers perceiving this, boldly prepared for a fight, and when a moment of quiet was given, they bade each other a last farewell, and scattered hither and thither through the different streets of the city, killing whomsoever they could find in their way, and while they made a great slaughter of the Romans, they also were slain at last. But Gregory the patrician, on account of the oath he had given, ordered the head of Taso to be brought to him, and, perjured though he was, cut off his beard as he had promised. Click to reveal the Latin text Mortuo, ut diximus, Gisulfo duce Foroiulensi, Taso et Cacco, filii eius, eundem ducatum regendum susceperunt. Hi suo tempore Sclavorum regionem quae Zellia appellatur usque ad locum qui Medaria dicitur possiderunt. Unde usque ad tempora Ratchis ducis idem Sclavi pensionem Foroiulanis ducibus persolverunt. Hos duos fratres Gregorius patricius Romanorum in civitate Opitergio dolosa fraude peremit. Nam promittens Tasoni, ut ei barbam, sicut moris est, incideret eumque sibi filium faceret, ipse Taso cum Caccone germano suo et electis iuvenibus ad eundem Gregorium nihil mali metuens advenit. Qui mox cum Opitergium cum suis esset ingressus, statim isdem patricius civitatis portas claudi praecepit et armatos milites super Tasonem eiusque socios misit. Quod Taso cum suis conperiens, audacter se ad proelium praeparavit; ultimumque sibi data pace valedicentes, per singulas civitatis plateas hac illacque dispersi, quoscumque obvios habere poterant trucidantes, cum magnam stragem de Romanis fecissent, ad extremum etiam ipsi perempti sunt. Gregorius vero patricius propter iusiurandum quod dederat caput Tasonis sibi deferri iubens, eius barbam, sicut promiserat, periurus abscidit. Chapter IV.45 King Rothari then captured all the cities of the Romans which were situated upon the shore of the sea from the city of Luna (Luni) in Tuscany up to the boundaries of the Franks. Also he captured and destroyed Opitergium (Oderzo) a city placed between Tarvisium (Treviso) and Forum Julii (Cividale). He waged war with the Romans of Ravenna near the river of Emilia which is called the Scultenna (Panaro). In this war eight thousand fell on the side of the Romans and the remainder took to flight. At this time a great earthquake occurred at Rome and there was then a great inundation of the waters. After these things there was a scab disease of such a kind that no one could recognize his own dead on account of the great swelling and inflammation. Click to reveal the original text Igitur Rothari rex Romanorum civitates ab urbe Tusciae Lunensi universas quae in litore maris sitae sunt usque ad Francorum fines cepit. Opitergium quoque, civitatem inter Tarvisium et Foroiuli positam, pari modo expugnavit et diruit. Cum Ravennantibus Romanis bellum gessit ad fluvium Aemiliae qui Scultenna dicitur. In quo bello a parte Romanorum, reliquis terga dantibus, octomilia ceciderunt. Eo tempore magnus Romae terrae motus factus est, magnaque tunc fuit inundatio aquarum Post haec fuit clades scabiarum, ita ut nullus potuisset mortuum suum agnoscere propter nimium inflationis tumorem. Chapter V.28 Grimuald had indeed no ordinary hatred against the Romans, since they had once treacherously betrayed his brothers Taso and Cacco.9 Wherefore he destroyed to its foundations the city of Opitergium (Oderzo) where they were killed, and divided the territories of those who had dwelt there among the people of Forum Julii (Cividale), Tarvisium (Treviso) and Ceneta (Ceneda). Click to reveal the Latin text Erat quidem Grimualdo contra Romanos non mediocre odium, pro eo quod eius quondam germanos Tasonem et Cacconem in sua fide decepissent. Quam ob causam Opitergium civitatem, ubi ipsi extincti sunt, funditus destruxit eorumque qui ibi habitaverant fines Foroiulanis Tarvisianisque et Cenetensibus divisit. Notes Related articles Early Venice The Lombard Invasion Did Narses invite the Lombards? The conquest of Venetia Invasions of Italy in Late Antiquity Kings of the Lombards Chronology of the Lombard invasion Venetian Stories Episode 3 — The Roman and Byzantine period Episode 27 — Cassiodorus Episode 28 — The early sources Episode 29 — The Lombard Invasion Episode 30 — Venetia Maritima Related sources Main sources for early Venice The Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon The Istoria Veneticorum by John the Deacon The Chronicon Altinate Alboin and Rosamund — Historia Langobardorum The invasion of Venetia — Historia Langobardorum The Justinian plague — Historia Langobardorum Pliny the Elder on Venetia Liber Pontificalis — John III De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (c. 950) Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias (English) Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias (Latin) Bibliography: insufficient context.",
"title": "The conquest of Venetia — Paul the Deacon",
"updatedAt": "2026-06-18T13:01:53.000Z"
}