{
"$type": "site.standard.document",
"bskyPostRef": {
"cid": "bafyreidhsyyikgg2fddneodkfe2fqrjwpzsk5qhkhcxrj4mjziwr7oyeoq",
"uri": "at://did:plc:cwwlhanx3vcgacpqbrxfa2nn/app.bsky.feed.post/3mnqwoucjy4fq"
},
"content": {
"$type": "org.wordpress.html",
"html": "<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are some of the main events of <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/the-lombard-invasion/\" data-type=\"article\" data-id=\"21308\">the Lombard conquest of <em>Venetia</em></a> and other parts of Italy.</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>568</strong> — Invasion of Byzantine Venetia by the Lombards under <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/alboin-king-of-the-lombards-530s-572/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8534\">Alboin</a>, who conquered <em>Forum Iulii</em> without any resistance, and established the Duchy of Friuli. The conquest of <em>Ceneda</em>, <em>Treviso</em>, <em>Vicenza</em> and <em>Verona</em> followed, all of which also became Lombard duchies. The only major cities not taken in the initial invasion were <em>Padua</em>, <em>Monselice</em> and <em>Mantua</em>, and probably also <em>Altino</em> and <em>Oderzo</em> — <em><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-invasion-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/\" data-type=\"translation\" data-id=\"21000\">HL II.9–14</a></em>; <em>IV I.5</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>569</strong> — The Lombards proceeded into the province of Liguria, and took <em>Bergamo</em>, <em>Brescia</em>, and <em>Milan</em>. The duchies of <em>Torino</em> and <em>Asti</em> were established as a bulwark against the Franks. The siege of <em>Pavia</em> started.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>570–572</strong> — The cities of <em>Parma</em>, <em>Modena</em>, <em>Bologna</em>, <em>Imola</em>, <em>Lucca</em>, <em>Chiusi</em>, <em>Camerino</em> and <em>Benevento</em> fell to the Lombards.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>572</strong> — <em>Pavia</em> fell after three years of siege. Later, <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/alboin-and-rosamund-paul-the-deacon/\" data-type=\"translation\" data-id=\"20959\">king Alboin was assassinated in Verona</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>579</strong> — Faroaldo, duke of Spoleto, occupied <em>Classe</em> outside <em>Ravenna</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>580</strong> — <em>Perugia</em> fell to the Lombards.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>580s</strong> — The monastery of <em>Montecassino</em> was destroyed.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>584–585</strong> — A Frankish invasion, which was repulsed.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>588</strong> — A second Frankish invasion, which failed — <em>HL III.32</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>601</strong> — <em>Padua</em> in Venetia was sacked and destroyed of under king <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/agilulf-king-of-the-lombards-591-616/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8616\">Agilulf</a> — <em>HL IV.23</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>602</strong> — <em>Monselice</em> was occupied — <em>HL IV.25</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>603</strong> — <em>Mantua</em> fell — <em>HL IV.28</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>604</strong> — After a Lombard attack towards <em>Ravenna</em>, a peace deal was struck with the Byzantine <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/smaragdus-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9117\">exarch Smaragdus</a> — <em>HL IV.32</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>605</strong> — The Lombards took <em>Bagnoregio</em> (<em>Viterbo</em>) and <em>Orvieto</em>. The peace treaty with Byzantines was renewed — <em>HL IV.32</em>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>606/610/611</strong> — The death of the bishop of Grado, after which the Lombards appointed their own bishop in Aquileia, leading to a permanent schism.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>616/617</strong> — Death of Gisulf II, Duke of Friuli, whose sons were killed by deceit by the Byzantine <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/gregorios-exarch-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"9118\">exarch Gregory</a> — <em>HL IV.38</em></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>639/641</strong> — Lombard <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/rothari-king-of-the-lombards-636-652/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8791\">king Rothari</a> captured and destroyed <em>Oderzo</em>, which had already been abandoned by the Byzantine Dux of the Venetians, and by the bishop. Both moved to the lagoon settlement of <em>Eraclea</em> — <em>HL IV.45</em>; <em>IV I.5</em></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>639/640</strong> — <em>Altino</em> was taken, and the bishop fled to <em>Torcello</em> in the lagoon — <em>IV I.38</em></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>642</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/rothari-king-of-the-lombards-636-652/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8791\">Rothari</a> waged war on <em>Ravenna</em> against the exarch Isaac — <em>HL IV.45</em></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>c. 667</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/grimoald-king-of-the-lombards-662-671/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8617\">Grimoald</a> destroyed <em>Oderzo</em> (the second time) and divided the territory between the Lombard duchies of <em>Friuli</em>, <em>Treviso</em> and <em>Ceneda</em> — <em>HL V.28</em></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>732</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/hildeprand-king-of-the-lombards-744/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8880\">Hildeprand</a>, nephew of Lombard king <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/liutprand-king-of-the-lombards-712-744/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8615\">Liutprand</a>, took <em>Ravenna</em>, and the Venetians help the exarch retake it, taking Hildeprand prisoner in the fight.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>735/736</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/hildeprand-king-of-the-lombards-744/\">Hildeprand</a> (who must have been released) was named co-ruler with Luitprand.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>743</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/liutprand-king-of-the-lombards-712-744/\">Luitprand</a> attacked <em>Ravenna</em>, but was stopped by the intercession of the Pope.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>744</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/liutprand-king-of-the-lombards-712-744/\">Luitprand</a> died and was succeeded by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/hildeprand-king-of-the-lombards-744/\">Hildeprand</a>, who was quickly deposed and replaced by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/ratchis-king-of-the-lombards-744-749/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8604\">Ratchis</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>751</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/aistulf-king-of-the-lombards-749-756/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8619\">Aistulf</a>, who had succeeded <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/ratchis-king-of-the-lombards-744-749/\">Ratchis</a> as king of the Lombards, took <em>Ravenna</em>, <em>Ferrara</em>, <em>Comacchio</em> and <em>Istria</em>. The last Byzantine exarch was killed. This marked the end of the Byzantine <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/institution/exarchate-of-ravenna/\" data-type=\"institution\" data-id=\"8739\">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>752</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/aistulf-king-of-the-lombards-749-756/\">Aistulf</a> took all the <em>Pentapolis</em> and adjoined it to the Duchy of <em>Spoleto</em>, leaving <em>Venetia Maritima</em> as the only Byzantine territory in the northern half of the Italian peninsula.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>758/759</strong> — Lombard king <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/desiderius-king-of-the-lombards-756-774/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"8579\">Desiderius</a> returned <em>Ferrara</em> and <em>Faenza</em> to the Pope. Evidently, Byzantium is no longer an actor in Italy after the loss of Ravenna.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>774</strong> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/charlemagne-748-814/\" data-type=\"proper-name\" data-id=\"465\">Charlemagne</a>, king of the Franks, conquered <em>Pavia</em> and made himself King of the Lombards. This marked the end of an independent Lombard kingdom.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Notes</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>HL</em> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em> by Paul the Deacon</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>IV</em> — <em>Istoria Venetiarum</em> by John the Deacon.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"related-links\" class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related articles</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/\">Early Venice</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/the-lombard-invasion/\">The Lombard Invasion</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/did-narses-invite-the-lombards/\">Did Narses invite the Lombards?</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/the-conquest-of-venetia/\">The conquest of Venetia</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/invasions-of-italy-in-late-antiquity/\">Invasions of Italy in Late Antiquity</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/list/kings-of-the-lombards/\">Kings of the Lombards</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Venetian Stories</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-3-roman-and-byzantine-period/\">Episode 3 — The Roman and Byzantine period</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-27-cassiodorus/\">Episode 27 — Cassiodorus</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-28-the-early-sources/\">Episode 28 — The early sources</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-29-the-lombard-invasion/\">Episode 29 — The Lombard Invasion</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://venetianstories.com/podcast/episode-30-venetia-maritima/\">Episode 30 — Venetia Maritima</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related sources</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/early-venice/main-sources-for-early-venice/\">Main sources for early Venice</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\">The <em>Historia Langobardorum</em> by Paul the Deacon</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-istoria-veneticorum-by-john-the-deacon/\">The <em>Istoria Veneticorum</em> by John the Deacon</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-chronicon-altinate/\">The <em>Chronicon Altinate</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-invasion-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/\">The invasion of <em>Venetia</em></a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-conquest-of-venetia-paul-the-deacon/\">The conquest of <em>Venetia</em></a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/the-justinian-plague-paul-the-deacon/\">The Justinian plague</a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/alboin-and-rosamund-paul-the-deacon/\">Alboin and Rosamund</a> — <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/article/sources-and-publications/the-historia-langobardorum-by-paul-the-deacon/\"><em>Historia Langobardorum</em></a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/de-administrando-imperio/\"><em>De Administrando Imperio</em></a> by <a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/proper-name/constantine-vii-porphyrogenitus-905-959-emperor-913-959/\"><em>Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</em></a> (c. 950)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/translatio-marci-evangelistae-venetias-english/\"><em>Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias</em></a> (English)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/liber-pontificalis-john-iii/\"><em>Liber Pontificalis</em> — John III</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/translation/pliny-the-elder-on-venetia/\">Pliny the Elder on Venetia</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n<div id=\"bibliography\" class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"bibliography\">Bibliography</h2><ul><li class=\"bibliography\">Cessi, Roberto. <i>Origo civitatum Italie seu Venetiarum : (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense)</i> in Fonti per la storia d'Italia / pubblicate dall'Istituto storico italiano ; 73. Roma : Tipografia del Senato, 1933. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/cessi-1933-origo-civitatum-italie-seu-venetiarum/\">more</a>]</li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Cessi, Roberto. <i>Documenti relativi alla storia di Venezia anteriori al Mille</i>. Padova : Gregoriana, 1940-1942. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/cessi-1940-documenti/\">more</a>] <a href=\"http://id.sbn.it/bid/UBO2192823\">🔗</a></li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Iohannes : Diaconus Venetus and Luigi Andrea Berto. <i>Istoria Veneticorum</i>. Bologna Zanichelli, 1999. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/berto-1999-istoria-veneticorum/\">more</a>] <a href=\"http://id.sbn.it/bid/RAV0341506\">🔗</a></li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Paulus : Diaconus and William Dudley Foulke (translator). <i>History of the Langobards</i>. New York Longmans, Green & Co., 1907. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/paulus-diaconus-1907-history-of-the-langobards/\">more</a>] <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/cu31924027767593\">🔗</a></li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Paulus : Diaconus, Antonio Zanella (translator) and Bruno Luiselli. <i>Storia dei longobardi</i>. Milano BUR, 2000 (6th ed.). [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/paulus-diaconus-2000-storia-dei-longobardi/\">more</a>]</li>\n<li class=\"bibliography\">Rossi, Antonio, Giovanni Galvani, Martino : da Canale and Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna. <i>La Cronaca veneta detta Altinate di autore anonimo, in latino, preceduta da un commentario del prof. Antonio Rossi e La cronaca dei Veneziani del maestro Martino da Canale, nell'antico francese, colla corrispondente versione italiana del conte Giovanni Galvani e con annotazioni di Emmanuele Cicogna … [et al.]</i>. Firenze : Gio. Pietro Vieusseux, 1845. [<a href=\"https://historywalksvenice.com/bibliography/rossi-1845-cronaca-veneta-detta-altinate/\">more</a>] <a href=\"http://id.sbn.it/bid/ANA0096021\">🔗</a></li></ul></div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2>Localities</h2><div class=\"leaflet-map WPLeafletMap\" style=\"height:400px; width:100%;\"></div><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMapShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar baseUrl = atob('aHR0cHM6Ly97c30udGlsZS5vcGVuc3RyZWV0bWFwLm9yZy97en0ve3h9L3t5fS5wbmc=');\nvar base = (!baseUrl && window.MQ) ?\n window.MQ.mapLayer() : L.tileLayer(baseUrl,\n L.Util.extend({}, {\n detectRetina: 1,\n },\n {\"subdomains\":\"abc\",\"noWrap\":false,\"maxZoom\":20} )\n );\n var options = L.Util.extend({}, {\n layers: [base],\n attributionControl: false\n },\n {\"zoomControl\":true,\"scrollWheelZoom\":true,\"doubleClickZoom\":false,\"fitBounds\":true,\"minZoom\":0,\"maxZoom\":20,\"maxBounds\":null,\"attribution\":\"<a href=\\\"http:\\/\\/leafletjs.com\\\" title=\\\"A JS library for interactive maps\\\">Leaflet<\\/a>; \\u00a9 <a href=\\\"http:\\/\\/www.openstreetmap.org\\/copyright\\\">OpenStreetMap<\\/a> contributors\"},\n {});\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.createMap(options).setView([45.462372571429,11.544098214286],13);});</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Altino\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.540667,12.398104],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/altino/">Altino</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Bergamo\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.696131,9.669921],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/bergamo/">Bergamo</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Brescia\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.539908,10.220041],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/brescia/">Brescia</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Cividale del Friuli\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [46.093132,13.431041],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/cividale-del-friuli/">Cividale del Friuli</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Concordia Saggitaria\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.756107,12.844963],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/concordia-saggitaria/">Concordia Saggitaria</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Mantua\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.158611,10.794827],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/mantua/">Mantua</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Monselice\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.239031,11.749794],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/monselice/">Monselice</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Oderzo (Latin: Opitergium)\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.783028,12.4938],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/oderzo/">Oderzo (Latin: Opitergium)</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Padova\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.407742,11.873288],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/padova/">Padova</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Pavia\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.184773,9.152695],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/pavia/">Pavia</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Ravenna\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [44.417782,12.199681],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/ravenna/">Ravenna</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Treviso (Latin: Tarvisium)\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.665855,12.245563],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/treviso/">Treviso (Latin: Tarvisium)</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Verona\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.44312,10.997236],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/verona/">Verona</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {/*<script>*/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"Vicenza\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n [45.547329,11.546421],\n marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n marker.on('dragend', function () {\n var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n var lat = latlng.lat;\n var lng = latlng.lng;\n if (is_image) {\n console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n } else {\n console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n }\n });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('<a href="https://historywalksvenice.com/locality/vicenza/">Vicenza</a>'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n });</script>\n</div>"
},
"coverImage": {
"$type": "blob",
"ref": {
"$link": "bafkreicagkw373p46uxq76aqv4jadhqku7thga5jph332a2lzahenw3be4"
},
"mimeType": "image/avif",
"size": 388292
},
"description": "A list of some of the main events of the Lombard conquest of Byzantine Venetia and other parts of Italy.",
"path": "/list/chronology-of-the-lombard-invasion/",
"publishedAt": "2026-06-08T05:19:36.000Z",
"site": "at://did:plc:cwwlhanx3vcgacpqbrxfa2nn/site.standard.publication/3mmt6dwxmnswv",
"tags": [
"histodons",
"Invasions",
"Lombards",
"Venezia",
"Venice",
"Early Venice"
],
"textContent": "These are some of the main events of the Lombard conquest of Venetia and other parts of Italy. 568 — Invasion of Byzantine Venetia by the Lombards under Alboin, who conquered Forum Iulii without any resistance, and established the Duchy of Friuli. The conquest of Ceneda, Treviso, Vicenza and Verona followed, all of which also became Lombard duchies. The only major cities not taken in the initial invasion were Padua, Monselice and Mantua, and probably also Altino and Oderzo — HL II.9–14; IV I.5. 569 — The Lombards proceeded into the province of Liguria, and took Bergamo, Brescia, and Milan. The duchies of Torino and Asti were established as a bulwark against the Franks. The siege of Pavia started. 570–572 — The cities of Parma, Modena, Bologna, Imola, Lucca, Chiusi, Camerino and Benevento fell to the Lombards. 572 — Pavia fell after three years of siege. Later, king Alboin was assassinated in Verona. 579 — Faroaldo, duke of Spoleto, occupied Classe outside Ravenna. 580 — Perugia fell to the Lombards. 580s — The monastery of Montecassino was destroyed. 584–585 — A Frankish invasion, which was repulsed. 588 — A second Frankish invasion, which failed — HL III.32. 601 — Padua in Venetia was sacked and destroyed of under king Agilulf — HL IV.23. 602 — Monselice was occupied — HL IV.25. 603 — Mantua fell — HL IV.28. 604 — After a Lombard attack towards Ravenna, a peace deal was struck with the Byzantine exarch Smaragdus — HL IV.32. 605 — The Lombards took Bagnoregio (Viterbo) and Orvieto. The peace treaty with Byzantines was renewed — HL IV.32. 606/610/611 — The death of the bishop of Grado, after which the Lombards appointed their own bishop in Aquileia, leading to a permanent schism. 616/617 — Death of Gisulf II, Duke of Friuli, whose sons were killed by deceit by the Byzantine exarch Gregory — HL IV.38 639/641 — Lombard king Rothari captured and destroyed Oderzo, which had already been abandoned by the Byzantine Dux of the Venetians, and by the bishop. Both moved to the lagoon settlement of Eraclea — HL IV.45; IV I.5 639/640 — Altino was taken, and the bishop fled to Torcello in the lagoon — IV I.38 642 — Rothari waged war on Ravenna against the exarch Isaac — HL IV.45 c. 667 — Grimoald destroyed Oderzo (the second time) and divided the territory between the Lombard duchies of Friuli, Treviso and Ceneda — HL V.28 732 — Hildeprand, nephew of Lombard king Liutprand, took Ravenna, and the Venetians help the exarch retake it, taking Hildeprand prisoner in the fight. 735/736 — Hildeprand (who must have been released) was named co-ruler with Luitprand. 743 — Luitprand attacked Ravenna, but was stopped by the intercession of the Pope. 744 — Luitprand died and was succeeded by Hildeprand, who was quickly deposed and replaced by Ratchis. 751 — Aistulf, who had succeeded Ratchis as king of the Lombards, took Ravenna, Ferrara, Comacchio and Istria. The last Byzantine exarch was killed. This marked the end of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. 752 — Aistulf took all the Pentapolis and adjoined it to the Duchy of Spoleto, leaving Venetia Maritima as the only Byzantine territory in the northern half of the Italian peninsula. 758/759 — Lombard king Desiderius returned Ferrara and Faenza to the Pope. Evidently, Byzantium is no longer an actor in Italy after the loss of Ravenna. 774 — Charlemagne, king of the Franks, conquered Pavia and made himself King of the Lombards. This marked the end of an independent Lombard kingdom. Notes HL — Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon. IV — Istoria Venetiarum by John the Deacon. Related articles Early Venice The Lombard Invasion Did Narses invite the Lombards? The conquest of Venetia Invasions of Italy in Late Antiquity Kings of the Lombards Venetian Stories Episode 3 — The Roman and Byzantine period Episode 27 — Cassiodorus Episode 28 — The early sources Episode 29 — The Lombard Invasion Episode 30 — Venetia Maritima Related sources Main sources for early Venice The Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon The Istoria Veneticorum by John the Deacon The Chronicon Altinate The invasion of Venetia — Historia Langobardorum The conquest of Venetia — Historia Langobardorum The Justinian plague — Historia Langobardorum Alboin and Rosamund — Historia Langobardorum De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (c. 950) Translatio Marci Evangelistae Venetias (English) Liber Pontificalis — John III Pliny the Elder on Venetia Bibliography: insufficient context.",
"title": "Chronology of the Lombard invasion",
"updatedAt": "2026-06-18T05:40:03.000Z"
}