Human Papillomavirus: How It Spreads and Why It Can Lead to Cancer

Human papillomavirus is a large group of viruses that infect epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. Scientists believe HPV has existed for millions of years and may play a role in natural evolutionary processes by influencing population dynamics across species. However, in humans, the virus can pose significant health risks. More than 100 HPV strains exist. Some remain harmless and coexist with the body without causing disease, while others trigger the development of warts, papillomas, and even cancer. The virus spreads through direct contact, including skin-to-skin contact such as handshakes or close physical interaction, through damaged skin, and most commonly through sexual transmission. It can also pass from mother to child during childbirth.