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  "publishedAt": "2026-02-20T19:17:00.042Z",
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  "tags": [
    "Arc-Team Research",
    "CC BY 4.0",
    "Link",
    "The ‘hobbits’ mysteriously disappeared 50,000 years ago. Our new study reveals what happened to their home",
    "published open access in _Communications Earth & Environment_",
    "University of Wollongong news release",
    "an article in _The Conversation_",
    "Wikimedia Commons",
    "CC BY-SA",
    "Nick Scroxton",
    "Maynooth University",
    "Gerrit (Gert) van den Bergh",
    "University of Wollongong",
    "Michael Gagan",
    "The University of Queensland",
    "Mika Rizki Puspaningrum",
    "Institut Teknologi Bandung",
    "published today in Communications Earth & Environment",
    "discovery of _H. floresiensis_ in 2003",
    "190,000 and 50,000 years ago",
    "d18O",
    "cut marks on bones in Liang Bua",
    "_Homo sapiens_ is above the ash",
    "archaeological",
    "DNA",
    "The Conversation",
    "original article",
    "(CC BY 4.0)",
    "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)",
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  "textContent": "\n\n\n_Homo floresiensis_ hunting a _Stegodon_\n\nAI-generated image (ChatGPT 5.2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReconstruction of _Homo floresiensis_\n\n\n\nBy Cicero Moraes _et al_ , Arc-Team Research\nCC BY 4.0, Link\n\nThe ‘hobbits’ mysteriously disappeared 50,000 years ago. Our new study reveals what happened to their home\n\nLong before anatomically modern _Homo sapiens_ took their first tentative steps out of Africa and established themselves in Eurasia, an archaic hominin, _Homo erectus_ , had already done so about a million years earlier, spreading across Asia into what is now the Indonesian archipelago and diversifying into a number of species and regional variants along the way.\n\nOne lineage settled on the island of Flores, where they encountered a miniature species of elephant, _Stegodon florensis insularis_ , which probably became one of their principal sources of meat. By a process known to evolutionary biologists as Foster's Rule or the “island effect”, the descendants of these hominins also became smaller, eventually evolving into _Homo floresiensis_ , popularly known as “The Hobbit” on account of their diminutive stature. Then, quite suddenly, they disappeared from history some 50,000 years ago.\n\nNow an international team of archaeologists, including scientists from the University of Wollongong (UOW), Australia, believe they have found evidence explaining their extinction. It appears to have coincided with the disappearance of _Stegodon florensis insularis_ and to have been driven by extensive climate change that began about 76,000 years ago, culminating in severe summer droughts between 61,000 and 50,000 years ago. The researchers reached this conclusion through analysis of the chemical record preserved in stalagmites from Flores caves, alongside isotopic data from the teeth of _Stegodon_. Their paper has just been published open access in _Communications Earth & Environment_.\n\nIn addition to the University of Wollongong news release explaining the study, four of the authors have written an article in _The Conversation_. Their article is reproduced here under a Creative Commons licence, reformatted for stylistic consistency.\n\n\n\n Published: December 8, 2025 10.05am GMT\n\n\nThe ‘hobbits’ mysteriously disappeared 50,000 years ago. Our new study reveals what happened to their home\n\n_Homo floresiensis_ skull.\n\nWikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA\n\nNick Scroxton, _Maynooth University_ ; Gerrit (Gert) van den Bergh, _University of Wollongong_ ; Michael Gagan, _University of Wollongong_ ; _The University of Queensland_ , and Mika Rizki Puspaningrum, _Institut Teknologi Bandung_ About 50,000 years ago, humanity lost one of its last surviving hominin cousins, _Homo floresiensis_ (also known as “the hobbit” thanks to its small stature). The cause of its disappearance, after more than a million years living on the isolated volcanic island of Flores, Indonesia, has been a longstanding mystery.\n\nNow, new evidence suggests a period of extreme drought starting about 61,000 years ago may have contributed to the hobbits’ disappearance.\n\nOur new study, published today in Communications Earth & Environment, reveals a story of ecological boom and bust. We’ve compiled the most detailed climate record to date for the site where these ancient hominins once lived.\n\nIt turns out that _H. floresiensis_ and one of its primary prey, a pygmy elephant, were both forced away from home by a drought lasting thousands of years – and may have come face-to-face with the much larger _Homo sapiens_.\n\nAn island with deep caves\n\nThe discovery of _H. floresiensis_ in 2003 changed our thinking on what makes us human. These diminutive small-brained hominins, standing only 1.1 metres tall, made stone tools. Against the odds, they reached Flores seemingly without boat technology.\n\nBones and stone tools from _H. floresiensis_ were found in Liang Bua cave, hidden away in a small valley in the uplands of the island. These remains date to between 190,000 and 50,000 years ago.\n\n\n\n\nView of the Wae Racang river looking upstream from Liang Bua towards Liang Luar.\n\n\nGarry K. Smith\n\nToday, Flores has a monsoonal climate with heavy rainfall during wet summers (mostly from November to March) and lighter rain during drier winters (May to September).\n\nHowever, during the last glacial period there would have been significant variation in both the amount of rainfall and when it arrived.\n\nTo find out what the rains were like, our team turned to a cave 700 metres upstream of Liang Bua named Liang Luar. By pure chance, deep inside the cave was a stalagmite that grew right through the _H. floresiensis_ disappearance interval. As stalagmites grow layer by layer from dripping water, their changing chemical composition also records the history of a changing climate.\n\n\n\n\n\nOur caving team in the deep, brooding interior of Liang Luar in 2006.\n\n\n\nGarry K. Smith.\n\nPalaeoclimatologists have two main geochemical tools when it comes to reconstructing past rainfall from stalagmites. By looking at a specific measure of oxygen known as d18O, we can see changes in monsoon strength. Meanwhile, the ratio of magnesium to calcium shows us the total rainfall amount.\n\nWe paired these measurements for the same samples, precisely anchored them in time, and reconstructed summer, winter and annual rainfall amounts. All this provided unprecedented insight into seasonal climate variability.\n\nWe found three key climate phases. It was wetter than today year-round between 91,000 and 76,000 years ago. Between 76,000 and 61,000 years ago, the monsoon was highly seasonal, with wetter summers and drier winters.\n\nThen, between 61,000 and 47,000 years ago, the climate turned much drier in summer, similar to that seen in Southern Queensland today.\n\nThe hobbits followed their prey\n\nSo we had a well-dated record of major climate change, but what was the ecological response, if any? We needed to build a precise timeline for the fossil evidence of _H. floresiensis_ at Liang Bua.\n\nThe solution came unexpectedly from our analysis of d18O in the fossil tooth enamel of _Stegodon florensis insularis_ , a distant extinct pygmy relative of modern elephants.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe jawbone and ridged molar of an adult _Stegodon florensis florensis_ , the large-bodied ancestor of _Stegodon florensis insularis_. Scale bar is 10 cm.\n\n\n\nGerrit van den Berg\n\nJuvenile pygmy elephants were one of the hobbits’ key prey, as revealed by cut marks on bones in Liang Bua.\n\nRemarkably, the d18O pattern in the Liang Luar stalagmite and in teeth from increasingly deep sedimentary deposits at Liang Bua aligned perfectly. This allowed us to precisely date the _Stegodon_ fossils and the accompanying remains of _H. floresiensis_.\n\nThe refined timeline showed that about 90% of pygmy elephant remains date to 76,000–61,000 years ago, during the strongly seasonal “Goldilocks” climate. This may have been the ideal environment for the pygmy elephants to graze and for _H. floresiensis_ to hunt them. But both species almost disappeared as the climate got drier.\n\n\n\n\nCross-section of the precisely dated stalagmite used in this study, showing growth layers. The graph shows the improved timeline for _Stegodon_ fossils in two excavation sectors at Liang Bua.\n\n\nMike Gagan\n\nThe decline in rainfall, pygmy elephants and hobbits all at the same time indicates that dwindling resources played a crucial role in what appears to be a progressive abandonment of Liang Bua.\n\nAs the climate dried, the primary dry-season water source, the small Wae Racang river, may have dwindled too low, leaving the _Stegodon_ without fresh water. The animals may have migrated out of the area, with _H. floresiensis_ following.\n\nDid a volcano contribute too?\n\nThe last few _Stegodon_ fossil remains and stone tools in Liang Bua are covered in a prominent layer of volcanic ash, dated to around 50,000 years ago. We don’t yet know if a nearby volcanic eruption was a “final straw” in the decline of Liang Bua hobbits.\n\nThe first archaeological evidence attributed to _Homo sapiens_ is above the ash. So while there is no way of knowing if _H. sapiens_ and _H. floresiensis_ crossed paths, new archaeological and DNA evidence both indicate that _H. sapiens_ were island-hopping across Indonesia to the supercontinent of Sahul by at least 60,000 years ago.\n\nIf _H. floresiensis_ were forced by ecological pressures away from their hideaway towards the coast, they may have interacted with modern humans. And if so, could competition, disease, or even predation then have been decisive factors?\n\nWhatever the ultimate cause, our study provides the framework for future studies to examine the extinction of the iconic _H. floresiensis_ in the context of major climate change.\n\nThe underlying role of freshwater availability in the demise of one of our human cousins reminds us that humanity’s history is a fragile experiment in survival, and how shifting rainfall patterns can have profound impacts.\nNick Scroxton, Research Fellow, Palaeoclimate, _Maynooth University_ ; Gerrit (Gert) van den Bergh, Researcher in Palaeontology, _University of Wollongong_ ; Michael Gagan, Honorary Professor, Palaeoclimate, _University of Wollongong_ ; _The University of Queensland_ , and Mika Rizki Puspaningrum, Researcher in Palaeontology, Bandung Institute of Technology, _Institut Teknologi Bandung_ >\n\nThis article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.\n\n\n\nPublished by _The Conversation_.\nOpen access. (CC BY 4.0)\n\nShow publication details\n\n\n> Abstract\n>  The cause of the disappearance of the primitive hominin _Homo floresiensis_ from the Indonesian island of Flores about 50,000 years ago is a key question in palaeoanthropology. While the potential roles of climate change and human agency continue to be debated, the history of freshwater availability essential for survival at the type locality, Liang Bua, remains poorly understood. Although speleothem δ18O is widely used to reconstruct monsoon rainfall, variations in summer and winter rainfall, with distinct δ18O values, can complicate interpretations of mean annual rainfall. Here, we combine speleothem Mg/Ca, a proxy for local rainfall, with δ18O to determine annual, summer and winter rainfall amounts concurrent with _H. floresiensis_ and Stegodon, one of its primary prey. Geochemical modelling of the Mg-18O system reveals a sustained decline in mean annual rainfall from ~1560 to 990 mm between 76,000 and 61,000 years ago. Critically, summer rainfall decreased to a record low of ~450 mm at 61,000–55,000 years ago, alongside a marked decline in both the abundance and relative proportion of _Stegodon_ remains in the fossil record. These findings increase the likelihood that progressive landscape aridification, and intensified human-faunal competition for dwindling resources, culminated in abandonment of Liang Bua.\n>\n>\n> Fig. 1: Physiographic attributes of the study area.\n>\n> \n>\n> **a** Location of the island of Flores, Indonesia. Grey shading shows land exposed above the present-day –80 m isobath at the sea-level lowstand around 65 ka. **b** Digital elevation map of western Flores with study site locations. **c** Topographic map showing the proximity of Liang Luar and Liang Bua in the Wae Racang river valley. Symbols indicate auxiliary datasets discussed in the text: archaeological sites with _Stegodon_ tooth enamel isotope data (triangles); rainfall isotope monitoring sites (squares); and modern rainfall analogues for reconstructed changes in monsoon seasonality (circles). Base maps were created using QGIS software and the GEBCO23 grid108.\n>\n>\n>\n>\n>\n> [Gagan, M.K., Ayliffe, L.K., Puspaningrum, M.R. et al.\n>  **Onset of summer aridification and the decline of Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua 61,000 years ago.**\n>  _Commun Earth Environ_ **6**(992) (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02961-3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02961-3)\n>\n>  Copyright: © 2026 The authors.\n>  Published by Springer Nature Ltd. Open access.\n>  Reprinted under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)\n\nWhatever the precise balance between climatic stress, ecological fragility and any interaction with incoming modern humans, the emerging picture is one of a small, isolated hominin population living close to environmental limits. When prolonged drought reshaped vegetation patterns and reduced freshwater availability, the consequences would have rippled through the entire ecosystem. The disappearance of *Stegodon florensis insularis* would not merely have removed a prey species; it would have undermined the subsistence base of _Homo floresiensis_ itself.\n\nThere is nothing mysterious here in the supernatural sense. Island dwarfism, limited genetic diversity, climatic instability and trophic dependence form a coherent, testable explanation rooted firmly in evolutionary biology and palaeoecology. The same natural processes that produced the Flores hominins ultimately constrained their resilience.\n\nAnd all of this unfolded tens of thousands of years before the timeline permitted by a literal reading of the Genesis narrative. Long before any proposed Neolithic creation date, before any global flood mythology, a distinct human lineage had already evolved, adapted to island life, and vanished. The evidence from Flores is written not in ancient scripture, but in stone, isotopes and stratigraphy — and it tells a story measured in deep time.\n\n\n\n* * *\n\n\n\n\n\n**Advertisement**\n\n\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$14.20 UK\n$11.20\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$14.15 UK\n$11.20\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$12.90 UK\n£10.00\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$16.00 UK\n£12.60\n\n\n\n\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$12.50UK\n£9.30\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$12.00UK\n£9.93\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$12.50UK\n£10.00\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$10.50UK\n£8.30\n\n\n\n\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$12.00UK\n£10.00\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$15.00UK\n£12.29\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$7.50UK\n£5.75\n\n**Amazon**  USA\n$10.20UK\n£8.30\n\n\n**All titles available in paperback, hardcover, ebook for Kindle and audio format.**\n\n**Prices correct at time of publication. 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  "title": "Creationism In Crisis - What Caused Homo Floresiensis (The 'Hobbit') To Go Extinct - 40,000 Years Before 'Creation Week'?",
  "updatedAt": "2026-02-20T19:35:51.400Z"
}