Tides Generate Detectable Electrical Signals in Coastal Aquifers

Conceptual model of the generation of Self-Potential (SP) signals measured by electrodes at Benone Strand under different hydrodynamic conditions: (a) normal tidal oscillations, (b) storm surge conditions, and (c) post-surge recovery. The model illustrates the movement of the fresh–saltwater interface in response to sea-level changes and indicates the locations of the SP electrodes at pads A and B, as well as the reference electrode R2. Credit: Rowan et al. [2026], Figure 11