Slow and Fast Madden-Julian Oscillation Modes

Hovmöller diagrams (longitude vs time lag) of the total MJO, MJO-fast mode, MJO-slow mode, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the phase 3 of the MJO (as defined by the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM index)) are shown. Shading shows outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and arrows are 850 hectopascal (hPa) winds. Credit: Marsico et al. [2026], Figure 2e-h